Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity: A Critical Review

doi:10.11902/1005.4537.2024.184

Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection

2025, Vol. 45

Issue (2): 271-282 DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2024.184

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Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity: A Critical Review

ZHANG Qianru, SUN Qingqing(

)

School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China

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ZHANG Qianru, SUN Qingqing. Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity: A Critical Review. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection, 2025, 45(2): 271-282.

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Abstract

The key of understanding hydrogen embrittlement mechanism of metals is to fully elucidate the interaction between hydrogen and dislocation. This paper introduces the history, content and development of the theory of hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and reviews it critically. The unsettling questions regard HELP mechanism are emphasized and addressed. In order to answer the unsettling questions, a new research methodology to reveal the interaction between hydrogen and dislocation is presented and prospected.

Key words: hydrogen embrittlement mechanism hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity

Received: 14 June 2024 32134.14.1005.4537.2024.184

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Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52101115)

Corresponding Authors: SUN Qingqing, E-mail: sunqq7@mail.sysu.edu.cn

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Fig.1 In-situ electron microscopy observation of hydrogen-enhanced dislocation motion^[22] and elastic shielding of hydrogen atmosphere^[16]: (a-f) images showing the dislocation pile-up at different hydrogen pressure (0、35、50、70、90、95 Torr) in 310S stainless steel, (g) after introducing H₂, dislocation pile-up of 310S stainless steel moves from the black lines to the white lines, (h) the elastic force between dislocations of Nb varies with the dislocation spacing in the presence and absence of hydrogen

Fig.2 Motion of a single screw dislocation of α-Fe in the presence and absence of hydrogen^[27]: (a) bright-field transmission electron microscope image showing the pillar after a series of cyclic compression loading and unloading sessions. A mobile dislocation tagged as 1 in the boxed region is magnified and observed in Fig.2b, the white spots indicate the pinning points, (b) configurations of dislocation 1 at σ_max in vacuum (N = 1) and in 2 Pa H₂ (N = 2), (c) loading engineering stress σ and the digitally tracked projected glide distance δ of dislocation 1 in a typical load cycle are shown as a function of time. The critical stress for activating the dislocation (σ_c) and the maximum glide distance (δ_max) are also indicated, (d, e) measured δ_max and σ_c of dislocation 1 as a function of loading cycle number in vacuum (d) and in 2 Pa H₂ (e). Errors for measurements of δ_max and σ_c are ±1.4 nm and ±9.5 MPa, respectively. Error bars represent standard deviation. The tests in 2 Pa H₂ were started after the pillar had been exposed to the 2 Pa H₂ atmosphere for ~2 h. Scale bars, 100 nm

Fig.3 Hydrogen effects on the dislocation configurations of typical metals^{[33,37,39,42]}: (a) bcc pure iron^[33], in-situ electrochemical hydrogen charging with uniaxial tension, (b) fcc pure nickel^[37], high pressure torsion after high-pressure hydrogen charging, (c) the ferritic-pearlitic low carbon steel (SS400)^[39], in-situ fatigue loading under high pressure, (d) 316L austenitic stainless steel^[42], fatigue loading after high-pressure hydrogen charging

Fig.4 Orientation dependence of deformed microstructure in metals: (a) orientation dependence of dislocation structure of fcc metals with medium to high stacking fault energy during uniaxial tension^[54], (b) orientation dependence of dislocation structure in bcc metals^[58], (c) orientation dependence of deformation twins in fcc metals, black dots indicate orientations that can produce deformation twins (unpublished results from our group, 316L stainless steel was used in this study), (d) orientation dependence of dislocation structure during fatigue loading of fcc metals^[59], (e) types of dislocation structure with different orientations, types 1, 2, and 3 corresponding to I, II, and III in (a) and (b), respectively

Fig.5 A new investigation methodology developed by the this group to reveal the effect of hydrogen on dislocation collective behavior of metals

Fig.6 Dislocation structures of differently orientated bulk grains in pure Ni without and with 400 ppm hydrogen after deformed to a strain of 16.0%. The 400 ppm H-charged Ni fractured at 16.0%^[57]: (a1) [100], (a2) [110] and (a3) [111] corner grains of uncharged sample, (b1) [100], (b2) [110] and (b3) [111] corner grains of 0.0004% (atomic fraction) H-charged sample. The black circles in the IPFs correspond to the grain orientation along the tensile direction of the site of interest. Note that the diffraction pattern corresponds to the largest cellular area in the TEM foil, (c) Cell/IDB size statistics of the uncharged Ni and 0.0004% (atomic fraction) H-charged Ni at different strain levels

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