Analysis of Corrosion and Cathodic Protection Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Pile in Simulated Marine Environments

doi:10.11902/1005.4537.2025.091

Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection

2026, Vol. 46

Issue (1): 273-282 DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2025.091

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Analysis of Corrosion and Cathodic Protection Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Pile in Simulated Marine Environments

ZHUANG Ning¹, ZENG Yi¹, OUYANG Zhengping²(

), XU Jinrong³, LI Hanze⁴, SONG Xiaokun⁵, WANG Yazhou¹

^1.College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
^2.Hainan Institute of Eco-Environmental Geological Survey, Haikou 570206, China
^3.Power China Road Bridge Group Corporation Limited, Beijing 100037, China
^4.Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics & Estuary (Zhejiang Institute of Marine Planning and Design), Hangzhou 310002, China
^5.China Construction Eighth Engineering Bureau Northwest Company, Xi'an 710000, China

Cite this article:

ZHUANG Ning, ZENG Yi, OUYANG Zhengping, XU Jinrong, LI Hanze, SONG Xiaokun, WANG Yazhou. Analysis of Corrosion and Cathodic Protection Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Pile in Simulated Marine Environments. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection, 2026, 46(1): 273-282.

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Abstract

Reinforced concrete piles were prepared and placed in an indoor marine environment simulation set, which then were subjected to applied electric accelerated corrosion so that to be corroded up to 5%, 10%, and 15% of the mean corrosion degree derived theoretically respectively. Subsequently, textile reinforced concrete (TRC) was wrapped around the tidal zone of the piles, and electric current was applied to provide cathodic protection to the steel bars for 90 days in the indoor marine environment simulation set. Along with the corrosion process, by different corrosion degrees and cathodic protection times, the cracking propagation of the concrete surface was acquired to calculate the fractal dimension, and the variations of polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies were detected. The results indicate that the fractal dimension, the polarization resistance R_p, the low-frequency capacitance arc radius in the Nyquist plot, and the low-frequency phase angle in the Bode plot all change regularly with the corrosion process. Specifically, corresponding to 15% corrosion degree, the fractal dimensions of the atmospheric zone, tidal zone, and underwater zone were 1.206, 1.317, and 1.381 respectively. After 90 d, the values in the atmospheric zone and underwater zone were 1.235 and 1.391, respectively. At the same time, the R_p values in each zone increased by 41.51% (atmospheric zone), 44.90% (tidal zone), and 49.39% (underwater zone) compared to those without applied cathodic protection. A reasonable equivalent circuit was further proposed to quantify the variation patterns of concrete resistance (R_con) and charge transfer resistance (R_ct). After 90 d of cathodic protection, the R_ct values in the atmospheric zone, tidal zone, and underwater zone showed average increases of 548%, 506%, and 300%, respectively. The findings provide reference for the evaluation and monitoring of the corrosion status and cathodic protection effect of pile foundations in marine environments.

Key words: marine concrete corrosion status cathodic protection fractal dimension linear polarization electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Received: 18 March 2025 32134.14.1005.4537.2025.091

ZTFLH:

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Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51379073)

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	ZHUANG Ning
	ZENG Yi
	OUYANG Zhengping
	XU Jinrong
	LI Hanze
	SONG Xiaokun
	WANG Yazhou

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https://www.jcscp.org/EN/10.11902/1005.4537.2025.091 OR https://www.jcscp.org/EN/Y2026/V46/I1/273

Fig.1 Schematic diagrams of dimension (a) and reinforcement (b, c) of reinforced concrete specimen

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of marine environment simulation system (a) on-site setup (b), DC power supplies (c) and water-level variation curve (d)

Fig.3 Construction process (a) and physical schematic diagram (b) of pasting TRC protective material

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of electrochemical testing

Fig.5 Propagation of cracks during corrosion (a) and cathodic protection (b) stages

Fig.6 Fractal dimensions during corrosion (a) and cathodic protection (b) stages

Fig.7 R_p values at different heights during corrosion (a) and cathodic protection (b) stages

Fig.8 EIS spectra of RC pile during accelerated corrosion stage: (a) 5%, (b) 10%, (c) 15%

Fig.9 EIS spectra of RC pile during cathodic protection stage: (a) 30 d, (b) 60 d, (c) 90 d

Fig.10 Equivalent circuit for fitting EIS data

Fig.11 R_con(a, c) and R_ct (b, d) at corrosion stage (a, b) and cathodic protection stage (c, d)

Test stage	Test time	Elevation / cm	R_s / Ω·cm²	R_con / Ω·cm²	CPE_c / S·sec ⁿ ·cm^-2	n₁	R_ct / Ω·cm²	CPE_dl / S·sec ⁿ ·cm^-2	n₂	χ²
Corrosion stage	33 d	15	66.3	166.5	6.32 × 10^-4	0.19	1398.2	3.79 × 10^-3	0.73	2.22 × 10^-2
	(5%)	25	45.8	198.6	9.86 × 10^-4	0.24	1565.6	6.84 × 10^-3	0.85	1.56 × 10^-2
		35	59.4	322.2	5.09 × 10^-4	0.14	1213.4	2.65 × 10^-3	0.71	5.64 × 10^-2
		45	126.7	159.4	1.67 × 10^-4	0.36	721.5	2.96 × 10^-3	0.72	3.37 × 10^-2
		55	137.2	302.0	1.12 × 10^-4	0.37	821.2	3.04 × 10^-3	0.75	9.63 × 10^-2
		65	63.4	368.6	8.79 × 10^-5	0.21	926.2	3.31 × 10^-3	0.78	2.28 × 10^-2
		75	75.6	565.7	3.46 × 10^-4	0.13	924.8	3.12 × 10^-3	0.72	3.05 × 10^-2
	65 d	15	64.4	120.3	4.93 × 10^-3	0.13	613.2	3.15 × 10^-3	0.83	2.66 × 10^-2
	(10%)	25	97.6	130.6	5.52 × 10^-4	0.25	774.3	3.21 × 10^-3	0.64	2.72 × 10^-2
		35	122.8	264.5	3.89 × 10^-5	0.42	633.4	2.57 × 10^-3	0.77	2.58 × 10^-2
		45	101.2	153.1	6.76 × 10^-5	0.46	622.1	3.62 × 10^-3	0.62	2.35 × 10^-2
		55	141.3	192.8	4.67 × 10^-5	0.44	714.2	3.39 × 10^-3	0.72	6.46 × 10^-3
		65	65.1	341.6	4.23 × 10^-4	0.15	476.9	3.86 × 10^-3	0.79	2.63 × 10^-2
		75	77.5	484.9	1.39 × 10^-4	0.19	602.2	3.65 × 10^-3	0.73	6.80 × 10^-3
	98 d	15	52.3	62.5	3.46 × 10^-5	0.52	355.2	2.71 × 10^-3	0.75	4.12 × 10^-2
	(15%)	25	65.6	65.4	9.21 × 10^-5	0.44	355.8	3.43 × 10^-3	0.72	3.64 × 10^-2
		35	124.4	125.8	4.15 × 10^-5	0.50	413.3	3.57 × 10^-3	0.76	3.57 × 10^-2
		45	138.9	147.2	8.30 × 10^-5	0.42	332.4	3.32 × 10^-3	0.63	4.32 × 10^-2
		55	158.0	171.6	4.79 × 10^-5	0.49	357.5	3.71 × 10^-3	0.64	3.47 × 10^-2
		65	69.7	264.0	2.64 × 10^-4	0.16	337.3	4.56 × 10^-3	0.76	1.65 × 10^-2
		75	71.5	341.0	1.67 × 10^-4	0.18	483.9	3.85 × 10^-3	0.62	1.77 × 10^-2
Cathodic protection	30 d	15	50.4	132.7	7.79 × 10^-6	0.59	475.8	3.43 × 10^-3	0.69	6.13 × 10^-2
stage		25	61.6	132.3	3.11 × 10^-5	0.46	469.1	3.47 × 10^-3	0.60	4.35 × 10^-2
		35	100.1	564.5	5.98 × 10^-5	0.43	453.2	3.85 × 10^-3	0.76	4.97 × 10^-2
		45	114.5	537.6	1.02 × 10^-4	0.42	485.7	3.89 × 10^-3	0.77	3.70 × 10^-2
		55	141.7	509.1	6.43 × 10^-6	0.66	322.5	9.15 × 10^-4	0.43	4.53 × 10^-2
		65	54.8	120.9	7.26 × 10^-5	0.48	304.6	3.90 × 10^-3	0.77	5.76 × 10^-2
		75	45.6	396.7	1.98 × 10^-4	0.17	682.3	4.31 × 10^-3	0.84	3.35 × 10^-2
	60 d	15	66.4	185.5	9.56 × 10^-6	0.58	654.7	2.05 × 10^-3	0.67	6.88 × 10^-2
		25	72.6	264.2	9.89 × 10^-5	0.36	1383.4	2.10 × 10^-4	0.75	6.73 × 10^-2
		35	135.4	543.5	3.10 × 10^-5	0.45	1002.1	2.18 × 10^-3	0.72	6.26 × 10^-2
		45	158.5	589.8	1.90 × 10^-5	0.51	1033.3	2.03 × 10^-3	0.78	7.64 × 10^-2
		55	159.3	580.4	1.58 × 10^-4	0.44	1388.2	5.49 × 10^-3	0.77	2.48 × 10^-2
		65	91.9	237.5	1.45 × 10^-5	0.57	785.8	1.33 × 10^-3	0.79	3.01 × 10^-2
		75	60.0	305.1	2.85 × 10^-4	0.15	1067.9	3.67 × 10^-3	0.86	3.34 × 10^-2
	90 d	15	51.7	227.2	1.01 × 10^-4	0.39	995.6	2.48 × 10^-3	0.67	6.69 × 10^-2
		25	86.2	130.6	3.72 × 10^-6	0.68	1134.2	1.02 × 10^-3	0.52	1.16 × 10^-2
		35	130.5	603.2	1.32 × 10^-5	0.52	1644.9	1.12 × 10^-3	0.65	1.53 × 10^-2
		45	136.6	574.9	1.74 × 10^-4	0.24	1795.4	2.09 × 10^-3	0.79	4.36 × 10^-2
		55	139.3	551.5	1.09 × 10^-4	0.32	2144.2	1.87 × 10^-3	0.54	5.75 × 10^-2
		65	71.5	125.0	6.92 × 10^-5	0.45	2411.5	2.13 × 10^-3	0.77	2.78 × 10^-2
		75	50.9	313.6	6.91 × 10^-5	0.20	2089.2	1.65 × 10^-3	0.73	4.21 × 10^-2

Table 1 Fitting results of EIS spctra of RC pile

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