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中国腐蚀与防护学报  2026, Vol. 46 Issue (5): 1400-1414     CSTR: 32134.14.1005.4537.2025.311      DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2025.311
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掺氢天然气管线钢氢脆的多维因素与检测防护技术研究进展
刘婉颖1(), 李磊1, 朱鑫宇1, 张智2, 丁剑3, 刘芃1, 宋卓颖2, 范祚媛1
1.西南石油大学新能源与材料学院 成都 610500
2.西南石油大学 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室 成都 610500
3.西南石油大学机电工程学院 成都 610500
A Review on Inflencing Factors, Detection Methods and Protection Techniques for Hydrogen-induced Embrittlement of Hydrogen-bearing Natural Gas Pipeline Steels
LIU Wanying1(), LI Lei1, ZHU Xinyu1, ZHANG Zhi2, DING Jian3, LIU Peng1, SONG Zhuoying2, FAN Zuoyuan1
1.School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Reservoir Geology and Development Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
3.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
引用本文:

刘婉颖, 李磊, 朱鑫宇, 张智, 丁剑, 刘芃, 宋卓颖, 范祚媛. 掺氢天然气管线钢氢脆的多维因素与检测防护技术研究进展[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2026, 46(5): 1400-1414.
Wanying LIU, Lei LI, Xinyu ZHU, Zhi ZHANG, Jian DING, Peng LIU, Zhuoying SONG, Zuoyuan FAN. A Review on Inflencing Factors, Detection Methods and Protection Techniques for Hydrogen-induced Embrittlement of Hydrogen-bearing Natural Gas Pipeline Steels[J]. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection, 2026, 46(5): 1400-1414.

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摘要: 

氢能大规模运输主要依赖现有油气管道设施，然而氢气引发的管线钢氢脆问题严重威胁其安全运行。目前尚无一种理论能够涵盖所有服役条件下管线钢的氢脆行为。本文综述了掺氢天然气管线钢氢脆机理、多维因素、氢分布检测及防护技术研究进展。分析表明，管线钢氢脆敏感性受温度-压力-掺氢比等环境参数、钢材强度-微观组织-氢陷阱等材料特性及应力状态的多因素耦合控制。比较分析了原子探针断层扫描、热脱附光谱等氢分布检测技术，以及热处理工艺、合金化等防护措施的适用性与局限，对未来研究方向进行了展望。
关键词 ： 管线钢,  氢脆,  多维因素,  检测,  防护    
Abstract：

Hydrogen, as a crucial clean energy source for the future, is primarily transported on a large scale via the existing oil and gas pipeline infrastructure. Although various theories have been proposed to explain the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) mechanisms of pipeline steels, no single theory can comprehensively account for HE behavior under all service conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of HE mechanisms about pipeline steels for hydrogen-natural gas blends, considering multidimensional influencing factors, hydrogen distribution detection, and protective technologies. The influences of environmental factors, such as temperature, pressure, and hydrogen blending ratio, intrinsic material characteristics including steel strength, microstructure, and hydrogen traps, as well as the mechanical factors like stress state, on the HE susceptibility of pipeline steels are systematically outlined. It is demonstrated that HE susceptibility in hydrogen-blended environments is not governed by a single factor. For HE detection techniques, the developments in atom probe tomography (APT), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), hydrogen microprint technique (HMT), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) are systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the applicability and limitations of various HE mitigation strategies, such as heat treatment, alloying, surface modification, gas inhibitors, and hydrogen-barrier coatings, are compared and analyzed. Finally, future research directions for HE prevention for pipeline steels used in hydrogen-natural gas blending are also proposed.
Key words： pipeline steel    hydrogen embrittlement    multifactorial factors    detection    protection
收稿日期: 2025-10-03      32134.14.1005.4537.2025.311
ZTFLH:  TE88  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金(U22A20164);新型油气勘探开发国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1406603);2025年四川省省级大学生创新训练计划(S202510615155);2024年四川省大学生创新训练计划(S202410615308);西南石油大学第23期课外开放重点实验项目(2023KSZ05049);四川省科技计划(2026NSFSC0341)
通讯作者: 刘婉颖，E-mail：liuwanyingxx@163.com，研究方向为材料腐蚀与防护、井筒完整性与安全、储氢/输氢材料
Corresponding author: LIU Wanying, E-mail: liuwanyingxx@163.com
作者简介: 刘婉颖，女，1983年生，博士，副教授
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https://www.jcscp.org/CN/10.11902/1005.4537.2025.311      或      https://www.jcscp.org/CN/Y2026/V46/I5/1400

图1  氢脆过程示意图
TheoryMechanism diagramContentLimitationsRefs.

HP

Hydrogen atoms accumulate at defects such as interstitial sites and micro-pores within the crystal lattice, creating localized high pressure that induces cracks and brittle fracture

Cannot explain the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon at low hydrogen concentrations

[24]

HEDE

Reducing grain boundary binding energy leads to intergranular fractureThe micro-area plasticity enhancement of the material cannot be explained

[29]

HELP

Induce ductile fracture by promoting dislocation motion

Not applicable to brittle materials; cannot explain stress-free hydrogen-induced cracking; contradicts the hydrogen-suppressed dislocation theory

[29,30]

AIDE

Hydrogen adsorbed at the crack tip promotes dislocation nucleation. Under applied stress, these dislocations migrate from the crack tip, leading to crack propagation

Not applicable to brittle materials; cannot explain stress-free hydrogen-induced delayed cracking

[29]

HIPT

The presence and diffusion of hydrogen atoms induce phase transformations within the material

Suitable for specific metals such as Zr, Nb, V, Ta, etc

[29]
表1  主流氢脆理论内容及其局限
图2  氢脆理论发展历程
图3  氢扩散系数与温度函数关系[40]
图4  氢压与掺氢比对X80管线钢氢脆行为的影响[44,48,55]
图5  高压氢环境中管线钢疲劳裂纹扩展与抗断裂性能[65]
图6  API管线钢钢级与典型微观组织的关系图[69]
Trap typeBinding energy / kJ·mol-1MaterialRefs.
ReversibleGrain boundary37.8-39.9Pure iron[80]
Dislocation28.30-33.84X80 steel[81]
IrreversibleMicro-cavity35.2Pure iron[82]
Martensite-Austenite interface46.9-47.3X80 steel[83]
Ferrite/Cementite interface66.3Pearlitic steel[84]
TiC80-90Ti-containing iron-carbon steel[85]
Inclusions (MnS)73.8X70 steel[86]
NbC (non-coordinate)63-68Ferritic steel[87]
NbN (non-conjugate)100-143Ferritic steel[87]
表2  钢中各类氢陷阱与氢原子的结合能
MethodMechanismAdvantagesLimitationsApplication areasRefs.

External hydrogen barrier

Gas phase inhibitor

Removal of adsorbed hydrogen gas is achieved by occupying the active sites to prevent hydrogen adsorption, or through desorption via energy level displacement or reaction with hydrogen

Simple operation, real-time protection

Hydrogen transport efficiency is reduced

Due to limitations in concentration and operating conditions, it is primarily applied to high-pressure hydrogen transport pipelines

[107]

Cathodic protection

By applying an external current to make the pipeline the cathode, the anodic corrosion reaction is suppressed, thereby preventing pipeline corrosion

Long protective distance, no consumption of non-ferrous metals

Dependent on electrical supply and overprotection may damage the coating

Long-distance pipelines

[108]

Hydrogen barrier coating

Block the adsorption, dissociation, and diffusion processes of hydrogen atomsFeatures low hydrogen permeability, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistanceDifferences in the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate materials cause coating cracking

Hydrogen storage vessels and pipelines

[109]

Shot blasting

Suppressing internal cracks and promoting dislocation motion thereby limits hydrogen diffusion in pipeline steel

Enhance the adhesion of the coating to the pipe surface

The surface roughness of the processed material increases, resulting in lower surface quality

Hydrogen pipeline steel

[110]

Electroplating

Depositing a layer of metal or alloy onto a metal surface through electrolysisThe process is mature and cost-effective, enhancing the steel's environmental adaptabilityThe electroplating process generates wastewater and exhaust gases containing heavy metals, causing environmental pollution

Suitable for hydrogen transport in corrosive environments

[111]

Internal material processing

Add alloying elements

The hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of pipeline steel is enhanced by adjusting its microstructure through three mechanisms: solid solution, compound precipitation, and element segregation

Increase the strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance of steel

The complex manufacturing process and excessive addition of alloying elements tend to exacerbate element segregation

Hydrogen transmission pipeline for high-pressure, corrosive media environments

[112]

Heat treatment process

By controlling the temperature, microstructure refinement is achieved, the volume of retained austenite is increased, and hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility is reduced

Improve the strength, toughness, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the material

The process is complex and energy-intensive

High-strength pipeline steel welded joints

[113]
表3  主要氢脆防护技术
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