深海装备涂层功能强化设计及性能调控机制研究进展

doi:10.11902/1005.4537.2026.028

中国腐蚀与防护学报

2026, Vol. 46

Issue (5): 1305-1325 CSTR: 32134.14.1005.4537.2026.028 DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2026.028

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深海装备涂层功能强化设计及性能调控机制研究进展

李岩¹, 高科², 张伟¹, 陈信斌¹, 隋显杰³, 陈洪生⁴, 王晓雅⁴, 冷雪松⁴, 武俊伟²(

)

^1.深圳市国能宸泰科技有限公司深圳 518000
^2.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳) 材料科学与工程学院深圳 518055
^3.中广核(山东)新能源投资有限公司济南 250011
^4.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳) 特殊环境物质科学研究院深圳 518055

Recent Advances on Functional Enhancement Design and Performance Regulation Mechanism of Coatings for Deep-sea Equipment

LI Yan¹, GAO Ke², ZHANG Wei¹, CHEN Xinbin¹, SUI Xianjie³, CHEN Hongsheng⁴, WANG Xiaoya⁴, LENG Xuesong⁴, WU Junwei²(

)

^1.Shenzhen Guoneng Chentai Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
^2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
^3.CGN (Shandong) New Energy Investment Co. Ltd., Jinan 250011, China
^4.Institute of Special Environmental Materials Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China

引用本文:

李岩, 高科, 张伟, 陈信斌, 隋显杰, 陈洪生, 王晓雅, 冷雪松, 武俊伟. 深海装备涂层功能强化设计及性能调控机制研究进展[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2026, 46(5): 1305-1325.
Yan LI, Ke GAO, Wei ZHANG, Xinbin CHEN, Xianjie SUI, Hongsheng CHEN, Xiaoya WANG, Xuesong LENG, Junwei WU. Recent Advances on Functional Enhancement Design and Performance Regulation Mechanism of Coatings for Deep-sea Equipment[J]. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection, 2026, 46(5): 1305-1325.

全文: PDF(11368 KB) HTML

摘要:

金属基涂层中，传统Zn、Al合金通过牺牲阳极与物理阻隔实现基础防护，TiAl伪合金、高熵非晶合金涂层通过结构优化提升自身深海耐蚀性能。环氧改性涂层中，石墨烯改性涂层通过氨基功能化与平行取向构建迷宫路径强化介质阻隔，Ti₃C₂T _x 、MXene涂层借助缺陷工程与表面功能化解决电偶腐蚀问题，实现阻隔耐磨疏水一体化防护。智能化功能涂层中，自修复涂层通过修复剂或分子间作用力完成修复，抗生物附着涂层通过水合屏障、自由基杀菌等机制达到防腐防污协同效果。此外，本文还重点探讨静水压力与涂层防护效能的构效关系，系统分析压力对介质传输、界面稳定性及功能响应的调控机制。当前研究面临测试体系不完善、工程应用受限等瓶颈，未来需研发压力自适应材料、构建高压测试平台、推进定制化应用，为深海装备长效安全防护提供技术支撑。

关键词 ：深海, 设备防护, 环氧改性涂层, 智能化功能涂层, 静水压力, 构效关系

Abstract：

The deep-sea environment is characterized by a multi-factor coupling of high hydrostatic pressure, low temperature, high salinity, and strong microbial activity, posing severe challenges to the safety and reliability of deep-sea equipment. Protective coatings, as a core solution, have developed into a pattern of parallel advancement of three major technical systems: metal-based coatings, modified epoxy-coatings, and intelligent functional coatings. Among metal-based coatings, traditional Zn- and Al-based alloys provide protection basically through sacrificial anodes and physical barriers, while TiAl Intermetallic compound-alloys and high-entropy amorphous alloys enhance their deep-sea corrosion resistance through structural optimization. In modified epoxy-coatings, graphene-modified coatings create labyrinthine paths for enhanced medium barrier by amino functionalization and parallel orientation. Ti₃C₂T _x and MXene coatings address galvanic corrosion through defect engineering and surface functionalization, achieving integrated protection of barrier, wear resistance, and hydrophobicity. In intelligent functional coatings, self-healing coatings complete repair through healing agents or intermolecular forces, and anti-biofouling coatings achieve a synergistic effect of anti-corrosion and anti-fouling through mechanisms such as hydration barriers and free radical sterilization. Additionally, this paper focuses on the structure-activity relationship between hydrostatic pressure and coating protection efficiency, systematically analyzing the regulatory mechanisms of pressure on medium transport, interface stability, and functional responses. Current research faces bottlenecks such as incomplete testing systems and limited engineering applications. In the future, it is necessary to develop pressure-adaptive materials, build high-pressure testing platforms, and promote customized applications to provide technical support for the long-term safe protection of deep-sea equipment.

Key words： deep sea equipment protection epoxy-modified coating intelligent functional coating hydrostatic pressure structure-activity relationship

收稿日期: 2026-01-22 32134.14.1005.4537.2026.028

ZTFLH:

TG174

通讯作者: 武俊伟，E-mail：junwei.wu@hit.edu.cn，研究方向为材料的表面处理，腐蚀电化学等

Corresponding author: WU Junwei, E-mail: junwei.wu@hit.edu.cn

作者简介: 李岩，女，1979年生，硕士，高级工程师

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https://www.jcscp.org/CN/10.11902/1005.4537.2026.028 或 https://www.jcscp.org/CN/Y2026/V46/I5/1305

图1 FeCrMoCBSi铁基非晶复合涂层的激光熔覆制备、微观结构调控及摩擦腐蚀性能多维度表征[20]

图2 PGO/EP接枝机理及制备过程[30,31]

图3 MoS2@PDA@POSS复合结构体的制备过程及化学机理[32]

图4 不同涂层腐蚀防护机理示意图[38]

图5 完美晶格结构h-BN、空位缺陷h-BN与Ti3C2T x 吸附结构示意图[38]

图6 氧化石墨烯-介孔二氧化硅层-纳米球复合结构负载单宁酸(GSLNTA)涂层自修复过程，去除刮痕的GSLNTA涂层和无单宁酸释放的GSLN涂层的FE-SEM图像及AC-SECM测试[52]

图7 仿生本征型自修复涂层微观结构图、模拟深海附着力测试及自修复LEIS图[55]

图8 不同Fe3+浓度(0-540 µmol/L)PU-DA10溶液的色度曲线，灰度值与Fe3+浓度(0-720 µmol/L)的拟合曲线方程及本征自修复涂层及其受损部分Fe3+对应颜色分布[55]

图9 狮子鱼皮仿生型PDSB-DFTS的涂层示意图，所处真实深海环境，抗生物附着评估的光学和激光共聚焦显微图像及其抗菌效果，涂层和POPE相互作用的吸附模型及相应结合能和杀菌效应，涂层吸附500个水分子的模型示意图及其结合能和水合效应[59]

图10 PU x -DMG涂层广谱抗菌效果[61]

图11 POU涂层对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌机理示意图及24 h高效抗菌效果[62]

图12 全海洋深度集成抗生物附着氧聚氨酯涂层示意图[65]

Coating system

Case

Testing conditions

Advantages

Challenges

Metal-based coating

TiAl pseudo-alloy coating^[13]

6 MPa static water pressure (simulating approximately 600 meters of water depth) immersion corrosion test

The high-pressure environment may have facilitated the filling of the "framework" pores of the Ti-rich phase by the corrosion products, resulting in a beneficial "self-sealing" effect and slowing down the anode dissolution

Traditional metals such as Zn and Al have poor stability under high pressure and need to be used in combination with metals like Ti

High-entropy amorphous alloy coating^[20]

In a 3.5%NaCl solution at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa)

Its high amorphous content, dense passivation film and high hardness characteristics are regarded as potential materials

The performance data lacks validation under high-pressure conditions

Epoxy modified coating

Graphene/EP Coating ^{[29,30,31,33,36]}

In a 3.5%NaCl solution at atmospheric pressure

(0.1 MPa)

By means of functionalization and parallel orientation control, a "maze path" is constructed, which theoretically can effectively deal with the directional permeation of media under high pressure

High pressure may exacerbate the interface defects between the filler and the matrix, thereby affecting the long-term barrier property

Ti₃C₂T _x /EP Coating^[38]

In a 3.5%NaCl solution at atmospheric pressure

(0.1 MPa)

Utilizing defect engineering to address the issue of conductive networks may help in maintaining interface stability under high pressure

High pressure may alter the adsorption behavior at the interface and intensify the risk of galvanic corrosion caused by the electrical conductivity of the material

PPD-Ti₃C₂T _x /EP Coating^[40]

Soaking test under 20MPa alternating static water pressure (AHP)

The functionalization of PPD significantly enhanced the adhesion (reaching 4.51 MPa) and impedance of the coating under AHP conditions, achieving a transition from "effective at normal pressure" to "suitable for high pressure"

The performance under the specific pressure (20 MPa) has been designed, but it needs to be further verified under a wider pressure range or different pressure cycling modes

Intelligent functional coating

Microcapsule self-healing coating^[50]

Soaked for 1008 hours under a static water pressure of 15 MPa

High pressure can be used as a triggering signal to achieve targeted and on-demand release of the repair agent, converting the high pressure from a destructive factor into a beneficial functional triggering condition

The mechanical strength of the microcapsules needs to be precisely matched with the specific service pressure; otherwise, they may rupture prematurely (due to low pressure triggering) or fail (due to no triggering at high pressure)

Self-healing coating^[52]

Simulate an AHP environment at a depth of 4000 meters (approximately 40 MPa) in the deep sea

The effectiveness of the self-repair function was verified in the AHP environment

The study of the variation patterns and long-term stability of the repair power under high pressure requires in-depth investigation

Antibiotic-attached coating^[59]

The marine environment of the Mariana Trench at a depth of 5560 meters (approximately 55.6 MPa) was immersed for 51 days

Verify the performance in the extremely high-pressure deep-sea environment

The formation and maintenance mechanism of the hydration layer in deep-sea environments, as well as the stability of the long-term anti-fouling performance, require further investigation

Intrinsic self-healing coating^[55]

Simulate an AHP environment at a depth of 4000 meters (with an alternating cycle of 40 MPa/10⁵ Pa)

Its dynamic key can dissipate stress and achieve self-adaptation to the pressure environment

The reversible cyclic fatigue life and performance degradation mechanism of dynamic chemical bonds under long-term high-pressure and high-humidity conditions require in-depth study

表1 深海涂层防护技术高压测试条件对比

Mechanism of action	Coating type	Case Strategy	High-pressure response	Advantages	Challenges
High-voltage transmission mechanism	Epoxy modified coating	Graphene /Ti₃C₂T _x parallel orientation^[30,31,33]: Construct the ultimate "maze-like path"	Directional permeation of a physical barrier medium under pressure-driven conditions	Enhancing intrinsic barrier properties is a universal and effective strategy for dealing with high-pressure permeation	High pressure may affect the stability of the filler/binder interface, and the "maze" effect may diminish under long-term high pressure conditions
High-voltage transmission mechanism	Intelligent functional coating	GSLNTA self-healing coating^[52]: The repair agent responds and releases	The high-pressure accelerated repair agent releases and forms the products, dynamically reconstruct-ing the barrier	Transform the pressure into the driving force for repair, and achieve the dynamic restoration of the barrier function	Matching the dynamics of the repair process with the high-pressure environment, as well as maintaining the high-pressure stability of the repair products, are the key points
Interface stability	Metal-based coating	TiAl pseudo-alloy coating^[13]: The corrosion products fill the pores	High pressure may facilitate the "self-sealing" of corrosion products within the structural pores	Utilize the high-pressure environment to induce beneficial structural responses and enhance the interface tightness	The traditional sacrificial anode coatings (Zn, Al) have poor stability under high pressure and require composite modification
	Epoxy modified coating	PPD-Ti₃C₂T_x/EP coating^[40]: Targeted functionalization enhances adhesion	By using strong interface bonding, the "water wedge" splitting and peeling stress under high pressure can be resisted	The ultra-high adhesion of the coating under high pressure of 20 MPa AHP is achieved through molecular design	The interface of the ordinary coating is prone to failure under high pressure, which can lead to overall detachment.
	Intelligent functional coating	PU-DA_xintrinsic self-healing coating^[55]:Dynamic supramolecular network	Dynamic key reversible fracture/reconfiguration dissipates interface stress and avoids permanent damage	Achieve adaptability to the stressful environment, and maintain extremely high adhesion even under the high pressure of 40 MPa AHP	The fatigue life and performance degradation of dynamic chemical bonds under long-term high-pressure and high-humidity cycles
Pressure Triggering and Intelligent Response	Intelligent functional coating	IPDI@ SPUA microcapsule coating ^[50]: The pressure triggers the release of the repair agent	The static water pressure, as a physical signal, triggers the rupture of the micro-capsules, thereby achieving targeted repair	Realize the function to be triggered on demand and adaptively, thereby improving the efficiency and economy of the repair process	The mechanical strength of the micro-capsules needs to be precisely matched with the service pressure threshold to avoid false triggering or failure
Pressure Triggering and Intelligent Response	Intelligent functional coating	Bionic anti-adhesion coating^[59,65]: Fully deep-sea stable hydration/antibacterial structure	Under high pressure, the conformation of functional molecules remains stable and even enhances the compactness of the hydration layer	It has been proven that the intelligent functions (anti-fouling and anti-corrosion) can maintain high efficiency and stability under extreme high pressure conditions	Ensure the robustness and long-term effectiveness of the intelligent response mechanism under a wide range of pressures and with multiple factor couplings

表2 深海高压环境下各类涂层技术的构效关系

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