δ-铁素体对增材制造304L不锈钢液态铅铋腐蚀行为的影响

doi:10.11902/1005.4537.2025.300

中国腐蚀与防护学报

2026, Vol. 46

Issue (1): 193-199 CSTR: 32134.14.1005.4537.2025.300 DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2025.300

增材制造与腐蚀专题

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

δ-铁素体对增材制造304L不锈钢液态铅铋腐蚀行为的影响

庞曰艺¹, 张立波¹, 宁方强¹(

), 赵志坡²(

), 闫宏¹, 刘佳¹

^1.山东科技大学材料科学与工程学院山东省核电特种金属材料重点实验室青岛 266590
^2.中国科学院金属研究所沈阳材料科学国家研究中心沈阳 110016

Effect of δ-ferrite on Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured 304L Stainless Steel in Liquid Lead-bismuth

PANG Yueyi¹, ZHANG Libo¹, NING Fangqiang¹(

), ZHAO Zhipo²(

), YAN Hong¹, LIU Jia¹

^1.Shandong Key Laboratory of Special Metallic Materials for Nuclear Equipment, School of Materials Science Engineering Shandong, University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
^2.Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

引用本文:

庞曰艺, 张立波, 宁方强, 赵志坡, 闫宏, 刘佳. δ-铁素体对增材制造304L不锈钢液态铅铋腐蚀行为的影响[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2026, 46(1): 193-199.
Yueyi PANG, Libo ZHANG, Fangqiang NING, Zhipo ZHAO, Hong YAN, Jia LIU. Effect of δ-ferrite on Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured 304L Stainless Steel in Liquid Lead-bismuth[J]. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection, 2026, 46(1): 193-199.

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摘要:

铅冷快中子反应堆(LFRs)具有高安全性、高经济性、可传递放射性核素等优点，是最有应用前景的第四代堆型之一。液态铅铋共晶合金(LBE)是中子反应堆的首选冷却剂。然而，高温、高密度、高流速的液态铅铋共晶合金会对反应堆结构材料产生强烈的腐蚀，影响反应堆的运行安全。304L不锈钢是该反应堆的一种候选结构材料，而电弧增材制造则是改善该钢组织结构的新方法，故本文，研究并揭示了电弧增材制造的304L不锈钢中δ-铁素体对其在550 ℃、饱和氧/贫氧的液态铅铋共晶合金中的腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明，在饱和氧的液态铅铋共晶合金中，电弧增材制造的304L不锈钢表面形成3层氧化膜。其中，δ-铁素体展现出比奥氏体更强的抗氧化腐蚀能力，其会在相界处形成Fe-Cr尖晶石保护层，阻碍氧化腐蚀，因此在内氧化区呈现出钳子状形貌。在贫氧的液态铅铋共晶合金中，该钢主要发生溶解腐蚀。其中，由于O含量限制，δ-铁素体的表面虽然无法形成富Cr的保护膜，不能有效阻碍溶解腐蚀，但是δ-铁素体依然具有良好的耐溶解腐蚀性能，这主要归功于δ-铁素体具有较低的Ni含量，而溶解腐蚀主要受Ni的溶解控制。

关键词 ：增材制造304L不锈钢, 液态铅铋共晶合金, δ-铁素体, 溶解氧浓度, 高温腐蚀

Abstract：

Lead-cooled fast reactors (LFRs) characterized by their high safety, high economic efficiency, and the ability to transmute radioactive nuclides, represent one of the most promising Generation IV reactor designs for practical implementation. Liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is the preferred coolant for LFRs. However, LBE with high temperature, high density, and high flow rate will cause intensive corrosion towards the reactor structural materials, which poses a threat to the operational safety of reactors. 304L stainless steel is a candidate structural material for this reactor, and arc additive manufacturing is a novel way to alternate the microstructure of this steel. Therefore, this paper focuses in the influence of δ-ferrite generated in the wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) 304L stainless steel on its corrosion behavior in saturated oxygen/poor oxygen liquid LBE at 550 ^oC. The results reveal that the corrosion resistance of δ-ferrite is superior to that of austenite. A spinel Fe-Cr protective oxide scale may form on the peripheries of δ-ferrites, which hinder the inward growth of the oxide scale. Consequently, a pincer-like morphology of oxide scale developed within the internal oxidation zone. In poor-oxygen LBE, WAAM 304L stainless steel mainly undergoes dissolution corrosion. Despite a Cr-rich protective scale cannot be formed on its surface due to oxygen content limitations, thereby failing to effectively inhibit dissolution corrosion, even so δ-ferrite still exhibits great resistance to dissolution corrosion. This is mainly attributed to the low Ni content in δ-ferrite, whereas dissolution corrosion is primarily controlled by the dissolution of Ni element.

Key words： additively manufactured 304L stainless steel liquid lead-bismuth eutectic alloy δ-ferrite dissolved oxygen concentration high-temperature corrosion

收稿日期: 2025-09-19 32134.14.1005.4537.2025.300

ZTFLH:

TL34

基金资助:山东省青年科技人才托举工程(SDAST2025 QTA034)

通讯作者: 宁方强，E-mail：fqning16b@alum.imr.ac.cn，研究方向为核电结构材料腐蚀损伤行为与评价技术;
赵志坡，E-mail：zpzhao@imr.ac.cn，研究方向为特殊钢

作者简介: 庞曰艺，2002 年出生，2025 年毕业于山东科技大学，获学士学位。现就读于山东科技大学，在读硕士研究生。针对铅冷快堆候选结构材料腐蚀数据较为匮乏，且腐蚀机理仍然不清楚等问题，开展增材制造奥氏体不锈钢和铁素体/奥氏体双相不锈钢液态铅铋腐蚀行为研究，为结构材料腐蚀性能改善提供理论支撑。
宁方强，1993年出生，2021年毕业于中国科学技术大学，获博士学位。现就职于山东科技大学，副教授。主要研究方向为核电结构材料腐蚀损伤行为与评价技术研究。针对三代压水堆结构材料镍基合金及不锈钢，澄清了水化学参数对其腐蚀及局部腐蚀的影响规律；针对四代铅冷快堆候选结构材料，揭示了奥氏体不锈钢、铁/马钢等候选材料的液态铅铋腐蚀机理，澄清了材料成分及环境等因素的影响规律。先后主持国家、山东省自然科学基金青年科学基金（C类）、山东省青年科技人才托举工程、企业委托横向课题7项等。担任Corrosion Communications、《中国腐蚀与防护学报》、《腐蚀与防护》等期刊的青年编委。以第一/通讯作者在CS、JMST、JNM等期刊发表论文20余篇。
赵志坡，1992年出生，2020年毕业于中国科学技术大学，获博士学位。现就职于中国科学院金属研究所，助理研究员。主要研究方向为特殊钢组织结构调控及表面防护涂层。针对特殊钢中第二相及析出相导致的疲劳开裂和点蚀问题，提出“限域重熔-形变耦合处理”工艺，解决了特殊钢中相结构和成分不均匀的问题，显著提升钢的服役寿命。先后主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金（C类）、中科院先导专项课题、中国博士后科学基金、辽宁省应用基础研究计划项目等。以第一/通讯作者在MSEA、Materials & Design 等期刊发表论文10篇，申请发明专利6项（授权2项），作大会/特邀报告2次。

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https://www.jcscp.org/CN/10.11902/1005.4537.2025.300 或 https://www.jcscp.org/CN/Y2026/V46/I1/193

图1 WAAM 304L不锈钢样品示意图

图2 WAAM 304L不锈钢的BOT面的微观结构

图3 WAAM 304L不锈钢的原始样品和在550 ℃、饱和氧/贫氧的液态LBE中浸泡1000 h后的样品的XRD图谱

图4 WAAM 304L不锈钢在550 ℃、饱和氧的液态LBE中浸泡1000 h后的氧化膜截面SEM形貌和EDS结果

图5 WAAM 304L不锈钢在550 ℃、饱和氧的液态LBE中浸泡1000 h下δ-铁素体SEM形貌和EDS结果

图6 WAAM 304L不锈钢在550 ℃、贫氧的液态LBE中浸泡1000 h下样品腐蚀截面的SEM形貌和EDS面扫描结果

图7 WAAM 304L不锈钢在550 ℃、贫氧的液态LBE中浸泡1000 h下δ-铁素体的SEM形貌图

图8 WAAM 304L不锈钢在550 ℃、饱和氧的液态LBE中δ-铁素体的腐蚀机理示意图

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