The research and application of solid silver -silver chloride reference electrodes， including the fabrication and application of the solid reference electrodes and the micro solid reference electrodes were reviewed. Special attention was paid to the influencing factors on the stability and durability of the solid reference electrodes as well as the performances. The improvements of the solid reference electrodes were discussed.

The corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel in 0.1%, 1.0% and 3.5% (mass%) NaCl solution by electrochemical measurements was investigated, respectively. The experimental analysis based on PDM (point defect model) shows that the pitting corrosion resistance of the material tends to be worse with the increasing of concentration of NaCl solution. When the passive film forms, oxygen ion vacancy is produced on metal/film interface and consumed on film/solution interface, however metal ion vacancy exists on film/solution interface and being consumed on metal/film interface. Migration of oxygen ion vacancy causes the growth of the passive film but it also destroys the film simultaneously. In addition, on the basis of PDM theory, a dissolution model of passive film has been established. The model explains that the passive film of 2205DSS on austenite γ phase probably dissolves faster than on ferrite α phase in the simulated marine environment.

Ethanolamine (ETA) is a kind of pH control agent in all volatile treatment (AVT) in nuclear power plant. In this article the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and nickel based alloy 690 in solutions with different ETA concentration was investigated. Corrosion morphology of both metal was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and composition of their oxide is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was discovered that the oxide formed on carbon steel was Fe₃O₄ and its pitting became fewer and shallower as ETA concentration increased, which suggested strong inhibiting effects of ETA on carbon steel pitting; while the duplex structure was not discovered in oxide formed on alloy 690, only peak of Cr was found in the oxide on alloy 690 immersed in 40, 50, 80 mg/L ETA solutions. Electrochemical experiments results under 280 ℃ showed in 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L ETA solution the electrochemical behavior was nearly the same, relevant parameter of linear polarization was of small difference, while the corrosion current of carbon steel dropped to 1/9 and corrosion current of alloy 690 dropped to 1/3 and the polarization resistance increased significantly in 80 mg/L ETA solution compared with those in 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L ETA solution.

Potential and current distributions in a cathodically polarized crevice between a simulated disbonded coating and segmented Q345 steels were measured, and the cathodic polarization level in crevice was studied at various level of cathodic protection, and various size of crevice thickness and holiday. The results revealed that agitation decreased the polarization level in crevice, leading to the fact that a higher level of cathodic protection was required to inhibit the metal corrosion in crevice in agitated solution, compared with that in static solution. Crevice thickness and holiday size had significant influence on the phenomenon of agitation weakening the polarization level in crevice.

Three kinds of salicylic aldehyde pyridine formyl hydrazone Schiff bases compounds were synthesized. Their inhibition and adsorption behavior on low carbon steel in seawater were investigated by weight loss method, electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations,respectively. Experiment results indicated that three kinds of salicylic aldehyde pyridine formyl hydrazone Schiff bases behaved as the mixed type inhibitors, and the inhibitors were excellent inhibitors for low carbon steel in seawater. Their capacity of inhibition were: L3> L2> L1.The weight loss method showed that the inhibition efficiency of L3 reaches 87.8% with the inhibitor concentration of 2.8 × 10^-4 mol / L. The adsorption of the three inhibitors on the surface of carbon steel were found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm ,which is a spontaneous exothermic process and the adsorption mechanism was chemisorption. Scanning electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations also proved that three kinds of Schiff bases, in particular, the L3 can effectively inhibit the seawater corrosion of low carbon steel.

Abstract：The corrosion resistance of N36(Zr-1Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe) and low-tin N36(Zr-0.8Sn-1Nb- 0.3Fe) alloys were studied in 0.03 mol/L LiOH equous solution at 360 ℃ as well as 18.6 mol/L Pa pressure. The results show that the corrosion transition of N36 specimens appears earlier than that of low-tin N36 and the weight gain of N36 specimens is higher than that of low-tin N36 after the corrosion transition. The cracks paralleling to the interface of oxide/metal are formed in the fracture surface of the oxide film and the oxide film in the inner surface appears at the“Cauliflower-like” morphology . With the increasing of corrosion rate ，there are more cracks in the fracture surface of the oxide film and the size of “cauliflower-like”structure grows bigger. It was concluded that the crackss were related to the t-ZrO₂ and the solid solution contents of Sn in α-Zr will be responsible for the difference of corrosion resistance for N36 and low-tin N36．

Niobium was electrodeposited on 316 stainless steel in water and air-stable choline chloride based ionic liquid (choline chloride: ethylene glycol=1:2（mole ratio)). The electrochemical characteristic of the coated steel was investigated in simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environment. The results indicated that the uniform film was obtained on stainless steel surface. In simulated PEMFC environment, after 316 stainless steel was coated with niobium, its electrochemical characteristics were improved greatly, such as the corrosion potential increased, the passivation current density decreased, the pitting potential moved toward positive, and the reaction resistance increased. The deposited niobium film was mainly composed of Nb, NbO and Nb₂O₅, among them NbO and Nb₂O₅ behaved as an anti-corrosion barrier and improved the passavition ability of surface layer. So the electrochemical stability of the stainless steel bipolar plate was increased remarkably.

The corrosion morphology of Aermet100 steel, 300M steel and ultra high strength stainless steel was observed in the Penicillium funiculosum, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus versicolor environments by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equiped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that corrosions occur on the surface of all the three steel specimens after mold tests for 84 days, but the corrosion is serious in the Aspergillus versicolor environment. The corrosion behavior of three ultra high strength steels in the Aspergillus versicolor environment was investigated by Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) measurement. The results showed that the corrosion behavior of the Aermet100 and 300M steels is promoted in the Aspergillus versicolor environment, but the corrosion behavior of the ultra high strength stainless steel is inhibited due to forming the biofilm on the surface.

Reinforcement corrosion is a hot issue of the durability of concrete structures. In order to obtain more realistic reinforced corrosion kinetic parameters, Electrochemical Frequency Modulation technology was used in reinforced corrosion test. Compared with three-point method(one-way polarization) test results, test parameters of the Electrochemical Frequency Modulation technique was determined. The results showed that, for reinforced corrosion in concrete, B_a was in the range of 65 ~ 250 mV/ dec, lager than the value 30~120 mV/dec in solution. The polarization resistance R_P and the corrosion current I_corr obtained by Electrochemical Frequency Modulation test was analyzed to amend the B value of the linear polarization method.

The interphase corrosion susceptibility of the nuclear grade stainless steel (Z3CN20-09M) δ/γ interface boundary was investigated by using electrochemical potential reactivation method (EPR). The effects of time and temperature of sensitization and solid-solution treatments on the interphase corrosion resistance of Z3CN20-09M stainless steel were studied. The results showed that the interphase corrosion resistance of the nuclear grade stainless steel is much better than that of the 304 stainless steel. With increase the temperature of sensitization treatment, the re-activation rate ,interphase corrosion susceptibility and the degree of corrosion inside the austenite grains increase. These effects peak at 700 ℃. In addition, with increase the sensitization time, the interphase corrosion susceptibility increases, thebut the degree of corrosion inside the austenite grains decreases. The re-activation rate increase with increase of time or temperature of solid-solution treatment. The corrosion within the anstenite grains and on the phase interface are intersified as well.

Abstract：The polythiophene (PTh) film on stainless steel sheet (SS) was synthesized by potentiostatic method in pure boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) solution. The structure, morphology and thermostability of the PTh film were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion performance of the polymer film was investigated in 3.5% (mass) NaCl solution, by using anodic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the as-electro synthesized PTh film was uniform and shiny, had a good thermostability. E_corr of the PTh coated SS shifted towards more positive side than bare SS about 220 mV and J_corr decreased two orders of magnitude, indicating that the PTh film has excellent corrosion resistance.

The intergranular corrosion, exfoliation corrosion, stress corrosion properties of 1975 aluminum alloy with different aging treatments were investigated using constant temperature immersion corrosion method, polarization curve measurement, optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The results showed that the sensibility of intergranular corrosion, exfoliation corrosion and stress corrosion of 1975 aluminum alloy arranged in order as followed：underaging (120 ℃/12 h)>peak-aging (120 ℃/24 h)>overaging (120 ℃/36 h), which was attributed to the characteristic of grain boundary precipitation phase η (MgZn₂) and precipitation free zone (PFZ). When the equilibrium phase η distributed uncontinuously and had large size as well as the PFZ was wide, the corrosion sensibility was low．In contrast, when the grain-boundary equilibrium phase had continuous distribution and small size, the corrosion sensibility was high.

The corrosion behavior of J55 carbon steel in oilfield water with high sulphide at different pH values was investigated by electrochemical measurement and dynamic corrosion mass loss method. The corrosion scales were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that depolarization in cathode of the J55 carbon steel weakened and corrosion rate decreased as pH increased. When the pH was 5.6~7.2, the corrosion scale, which was mainly composed of mackinawite (FeS_1-x) with coarse grains was loose and brittle. It fell off easily and was non-protective, leading to the serious corrosion on the carbon steel surface. When the pH was 8.7~11.0, strongly protective corrosion scale which was composed of iron oxide formed on the carbon steel surface and obvious passivation was found in the anode, leading to the slight corrosion on carbon steel surface.

Corrosion behaviors of domestic 825 alloy in HCl, NaOH and NaCl solutions were studied by corrosion mass loss, electrochemical test and stress corrosion at slow strain rate. Meanwhile, the corrosion morphologies were investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the corrosion behavior of the domestic 825 alloy was not obvious after immersion in NaOH and NaCl solutions for 5 months. However, it corroded evidently after immersion in HCl solution for 7 d, and the corrosion rate in HCl solution increased with increasing HCl concentration. Furthermore, the corrosion current of the domestic 825 alloy increased with increasing concentration of HCl, NaOH and NaCl solution, respectively. The stress corrosion tests at slow strain rate showed that the domestic 825 alloy had no stress corrosion susceptibility in the HCl, NaOH and NaCl solution, thus no stress corrosion crack would occur under normal circumstance.

The influence of Al content in zinc bath on coating structure and inhibition layer were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and line scanning. The results showed that with increasing Al content in zinc bath, the quantity of ζ phase decreased significantly and Al enriched, but grain size and density of inhibition layer increased. The optimal Al content for good coating formability on 440 MPa IF-HS steel was 0.25%.