海南滨海大气环境热浸镀锌钢室内外试验相关性分析
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Correlation Analysis Between Indoor Test and Outdoor Test in Hainan Coastal Atmospheric Environment for Hot-dip Galvanized Steel
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通讯作者: 肖 葵,E-mail:xiaokui@ustb.edu.cn,研究方向为金属材料大气腐蚀行为与机理研究,材料服役环境损伤机理和环境腐蚀评价及电子材料环境损伤行为与防护工艺
收稿日期: 2025-08-03 修回日期: 2025-10-17
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Corresponding authors: XIAO Kui, E-mail:xiaokui@ustb.edu.cn
Received: 2025-08-03 Revised: 2025-10-17
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作者简介 About authors
赵梓恒,男,2001年生,博士生
开展海南滨海大气环境暴露试验和环境谱腐蚀加速试验,采用失重法建立腐蚀预测模型,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察试样表面的腐蚀形貌,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析腐蚀产物的组成成分,同时进行电化学测试以探究不同试验时间热浸镀锌钢的电化学行为。结果表明,热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境暴露2 a和环境谱加速试验2.5个周期后,其表面没有红锈产物,主要腐蚀形式为镀锌层的均匀腐蚀,且腐蚀预测模型符合幂函数模型。室内外试验的腐蚀产物均主要由ZnO和Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O组成。随实验时间的延长,腐蚀电位不断增大,腐蚀电流密度则持续减小,表明在热浸镀锌钢表面生成的腐蚀产物有效阻碍了腐蚀的进行,提升了材料的保护性。综合室内外试验,腐蚀动力学规律、腐蚀产物组成与腐蚀电化学机理,针对海南滨海大气环境设计的环境谱加速试验具有良好的相关性。
关键词:
The corrosion behavior of hot-dip galvanized steel in the tropical marine atmosphere of the Hainan coastal area was investigated through exposure tests in the natural Hainan coastal atmospheric environment and indoor spectrum-accelerated corrosion tests. Meanwhile, a corrosion prediction model was established based on the mass loss measurement results. The corrosion morphology and phase composition of the test steel surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical behavior of the hot-dip galvanized steel at different test durations was also examined by electrochemical means. The results indicate that after atmospheric exposure in Hainan for 2 a and spectrum-accelerated testing for 2.5 cycles, no reddish rust products were observed on the galvanized steel surface. The primary form of corrosion was uniform corrosion of the zinc coating. The corrosion kinetics followed a power function model. The corrosion products formed on the galvanized steel by both outdoor exposure and laboratory accelerated tests consisted mainly of ZnO and Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O. The corrosion potential increased with test duration, while the corrosion current density continuously decreased. This demonstrates that the corrosion products formed on the surface of the hot-dip galvanized steel effectively inhibited the corrosion process, thereby providing good protectiveness for the galvanized steel. Based on the comprehensive analysis of indoor and outdoor corrosion kinetics, corrosion product composition, and electrochemical mechanisms, it follows that the results of the environmental spectrum accelerated test designed for the coastal atmospheric environment of Hainan have a good correlation with the actual exposure test results in the coastal atmospheric environment of Wenchang district of Hainan Province.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
赵梓恒, 李波, 杨臻, 钱旺, 于浩, 张昊, 易盼, 陈俊航, 尹程辉, 肖葵.
ZHAO Ziheng, LI Bo, YANG Zhen, QIAN Wang, YU Hao, ZHANG Hao, YI Pan, CHEN Junhang, YIN Chenghui, XIAO Kui.
输变电设备作为电力系统的核心组成部分,承担着电能传输、电压转换和电力分配的重要职能[1~4]。输变电设备的运行可靠性不仅关系到输变电工程本身的稳定性,更是关系到整个电网安全高效运行[5,6]。由于输变电设备具有分布地域广、运行环境复杂等特点,大气腐蚀问题已成为影响设备性能和使用寿命的主要因素之一。滨海环境具有高湿、高盐、强腐蚀等特殊气候条件[7~9],是金属材料腐蚀的“重灾区”。据研究表明,碳钢材料在海南地区长期暴露下的腐蚀速率是我国内陆干燥大气环境的2~6倍,对输变电设备的耐大气腐蚀性提出了严峻挑战[10,11]。因此,电力输变设备在海南滨海环境中的应用不仅需要满足常规电力系统的技术要求,还需针对海南滨海环境服役设备进行特殊性腐蚀评价。
目前国家电网输电铁塔基材主要采用碳钢基材,表面通过镀锌进行防护,镀锌在一般大气环境中具有较好的耐蚀性,但在海洋大气环境和工业污染大气环境腐蚀严重[12,13]。为了探究镀锌钢在大气环境中的腐蚀行为,不少学者对其进行了研究,Chu等[14]研究了Q420B热镀锌钢在模拟海岸大气中的腐蚀行为及机理演化,研究表明,由于η、ζ和δ子层腐蚀电位的差异和腐蚀产物层的阻隔作用,腐蚀速率依次降低。Liu等[15]通过加速盐雾试验研究了热镀锌钢在模拟工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为,研究表明,盐雾腐蚀的主要产物为ZnO,其中含有少量Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6和Zn4(OH)6SO4;王瑾等[16]模拟了海洋大气环境中不同实验周期下的腐蚀行为,并指出其主要的腐蚀产物有羟基氯化锌(Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O)、ZnO和碱式碳酸锌(Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2)。镀锌钢发生大气腐蚀除了受到金属本身性质的作用,还受到相对湿度、温度、腐蚀性离子和大气成分的影响,例如海洋大气环境中含有较高的Cl-[17],而Cl-的存在则会提高镀锌钢的腐蚀速率[18]。另外,较高的湿度以及温度同样会进一步加速镀锌钢的腐蚀速率[19]。镀锌钢发生大气腐蚀除了受到金属本身性质的作用,还受到相对湿度、温度、腐蚀性离子和大气成分的影响。镀锌钢腐蚀速率的评价主要是通过室内加速试验和户外暴露试验获得镀锌钢的腐蚀数据和环境数据[20,21]。Guo和Zhong[22]针对热镀锌钢设置了其腐蚀参数并提出了其腐蚀动力学模型;Panchenko等[23]在俄罗斯的海洋大气环境和非海洋大气环境下对镀锌钢和镀锌铝镁钢进行了为期2 a的户外暴露试验,基于所得到的腐蚀失重值等户外试验数据,得到了腐蚀速率随时间的变化。Thierry等[24]对镀锌钢和镀锌铝钢在全球12个地点进行了为期6 a的户外大气暴露试验,计算得到镀层的腐蚀速率,但该方法需要大规模建立各个暴露试验站以避免环境的不稳定性等导致的不准确,不具有普适性,而且常常需要进行长期的户外暴露腐蚀试验,试验周期较长。
盐雾加速腐蚀试验[25]是1962年美国材料与试验协会提出的评价材料环境适应性的一个常规环境试验。GB/T 24195[26]等标准规定了对于金属材料的循环盐雾试验标准,但是并没有针对特定地区进行循环腐蚀试验设计。缪浩等[27]进行了污染海洋大气环境因素设计紫外+周浸的环境谱加速试验,开展了430、316L、2205不锈钢的腐蚀行为和相关性研究,极大地缩短了金属材料腐蚀速率评估时间并验证了室内环境谱加速试验和室外暴露试验具有较好的相关性;尹程辉等[28]使用灰色关联度方法分析验证了室内加速试验环境谱与万宁户外暴露试验符合腐蚀动力学一致原则,并建立了腐蚀预测模型,为室内加速试验模拟户外暴露试验进一步提供了数据支撑。Keppert等[29]研究了镀锌铝镁钢在交变中性盐雾试验和标准化中性盐雾试验中的腐蚀行为,表明交变中性盐雾试验更接近实际的自然环境,准确性更高。而在试样实际服役环境中,其腐蚀行为受到多个环境因素影响,LeBozec和Thierry[30]研究了NaCl浓度、大气干燥水平、湿度循环、盐雾频率和温度等多个气候因素对循环加速腐蚀试验的影响,通过对循环加速腐蚀试验的结果与户外暴露试验的结果进行比较,表明两者具有良好的相关性,表明多因子循环腐蚀试验能有效的对应户外大气环境。多因子循环腐蚀试验不仅考虑了大气腐蚀的基本特点,而且还考虑了其他主要影响因素,将周期喷雾、周期浸润等复合试验综合考虑,是目前相对最为真实地再现实际自然环境的室内加速试验方法。这种方法可以在较短时间内得到材料的腐蚀性能和寿命信息。
本文针对海南滨海大气环境,进行典型地区文昌大气数据调研和环境因素分析,获得包括大气温湿度、降雨和污染物浓度等环境数据,然后通过分析环境主要影响因素,基于相对湿度、温度、污染介质等环境因素统计分析,采用热浸镀锌钢的当量折算系数设计编制模拟海南滨海大气环境的加速腐蚀环境谱,开展实际户外暴露试验和室内加速腐蚀实验,采用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)、3D激光共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)、以及电化学测试手段,验证模拟海南滨海大气环境的加速腐蚀环境谱相关性。本研究为在热带海洋大气中服役的电力设备设施的选材及防腐蚀设计提供了参考数据。
1 实验方法
实验材料选取热浸锌钢板,试样尺寸为150 mm × 75 mm,板厚为0.5 mm,镀层每平方米质量为120。切割后的试样侧面没有覆盖金属镀层,而是直接暴露出基体,因此为了保证试验的准确性,减少材料本身造成的影响,防止试样侧面影响试验,需要用3M胶带对试样的侧面进行封边处理,并用卡夫特胶对缝隙处进行密封处理,避免液体等通过缝隙进入。在进行试验之前,采用无水乙醇对试样表面进行脱脂处理,去除可能存在的油脂和污染物,以提升表面清洁度。随后,试样经过烘干机的烘干处理,以确保试样表面保持完全干燥,提高实验重复性和结果的准确性。
将热浸镀锌钢投样于海南文昌试验站的户外场地,试样与地面成45°,进行为期1、2和2.5 a的户外大气暴露试验,并在1、2和2.5 a后进行3个周期取样分析。
环境谱加速试验步骤如下:根据海南文昌2023年的逐小时户外降雨温湿度等数据,对大气数据进行分类统计,通过焓湿图得到在不同温湿度下的焓值,确定加速环境温湿度环境与海南滨海大气环境的加速因子。同时根据海南文昌地区的Cl-沉积率、SO2浓度和雨水的pH值确定试验溶液,以镀锌钢为基准材料,不同Cl-和HSO
图1
图1
海南滨海大气环境谱加速试验方法
Fig.1
Accelerated test method based on Hainan coastal atmospheric environment spectrum
用Nikon D7000数码照相机观察不同周期后的室内加速腐蚀试验后和户外暴露试验后的热浸镀锌钢宏观形貌变化。采用KEYENCE VK-X250 3D激光共聚焦显微镜观察除锈后试样的表面微观形貌。用FEI Quanta250型SEM观察不同试验时间后的试样表面和截面微观形貌,同时利用扫描电镜配套设备EDAX型能谱仪(EDS)对不同周期后试样的表面和截面进行点扫描和面扫描,确定表面和截面腐蚀产物的元素分布与组成。
按照GB/T 16545-2015对试样表面腐蚀产物进行清除,清洗干燥后称重,得到试样在试验前的质量和除锈后的质量,再测得试样暴露面积,可以通过
式中,v为腐蚀速率,g/(m2·h);m0为试验前试样的质量,g;m1为除锈后试样的质量,g;S为试样暴露表面积,m2;t为腐蚀时间,h。
试样的失厚值可通过
式中,D为失厚值,μm;ρ为镀层密度,其中热浸镀锌钢密度是7.14 g/cm3。
随后,基于实验数据,使用幂函数公式(
式中,ΔW为试样腐蚀失重,g;t为腐蚀时间h;A为常数,表示试样初始腐蚀状况;n为常数,表示试样试验过程中的腐蚀快慢程度,n越小,表示腐蚀的越慢,耐腐蚀性越好。
由于热浸镀锌钢表面生成的腐蚀产物较少,无法取出足够的腐蚀产物粉末进行物相分析,故将不同周期后的试样切割成10 mm × 10 mm尺寸的小样,进行块状的腐蚀产物成分分析。采用D8 ADVANCE型XRD对试样表面的腐蚀产物进行物相分析,辐射源是Cu靶Kα,扫描角度范围2θ为10°~90°,扫描速率10 (°)/min。
使用CS3154电化学工作站在室温下(25 ℃)对不同试验周期后的试样进行动电位极化测试。测试采用三电极体系,工作电极是腐蚀试样,试样测试面积0.785 cm2 (直径为1 cm的圆),参比电极是饱和甘汞电极(SCE),辅助电极是铂电极,电解液是(10 ± 0.1) g/L的NaCl溶液,pH为6。为了动电位极化测试过程稳定,开路电位测试1800 s,待体系稳定后,进行动电位极化测试,扫描范围-0.5~0.5 V (相对于开路电位,vs. OCP),扫描速率0.5 mV/s。
2 结果与讨论
2.1 腐蚀产物相关性分析
图2
图2
热浸镀锌钢在户外暴露不同时间后去除腐蚀产物的3D共聚焦扫描电镜图像
Fig.2
3D confocal images of hot-dip galvanized steel after removal of corrosion products following different periods of outdoor exposure: (a) 1 a, (b) 2 a, (c) 2.5 a
图3
图3
热浸镀锌钢在户外暴露不同时间后的表面SEM微观形貌和腐蚀产物XRD谱
Fig.3
SEM micro-morphologies and XRD pattern of corrosion products of hot-dip galvanized steel surface after outdoor exposure for 1 a (a) and 2 a (b), and XRD pattern of corrosion products (c)
图4为热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境谱加速试验1、1.5和2个周期后去除腐蚀产物的3D共聚焦扫描电镜图。由图可见,试验1个周期后,镀锌钢表面的腐蚀加重,腐蚀面积增大,腐蚀坑的深度增加,达到大约7.5 μm;试验1.5个周期后,热浸镀锌钢腐蚀面积进一步增大,表面变的较为平整,表面出现较浅但尺寸较大的腐蚀坑;试验2个周期后,热浸镀锌钢表面以均匀腐蚀为主,表面没有大的腐蚀坑出现,出现的点蚀坑深度为5.33 μm。
图4
图4
热浸镀锌钢在环境谱加速试验不同周期后去除腐蚀产物的3D共聚焦扫描电镜图像
Fig.4
3D confocal images of corrosion products removed from hot-dip galvanized steel after different periods of environmental spectrum accelerated test: (a) 1 cyc, (b) 1.5 cyc, (c) 2 cyc
图5
图5
热浸镀锌钢在环境谱加速试验不同周期后的SEM微观形貌和腐蚀产物XRD谱
Fig.5
SEM micro-morphologies (a, b) and XRD patterns (c) of corrosion products of hot-dip galvanized steel after different cycles of environmental spectrum accelerated test: (a) 1 cyc, (b) 2 cyc
通过对比分析海南滨海大气环境暴露试验和环境谱加速试验不同时间后腐蚀产物形貌和成分,可知热浸镀锌钢的表面形貌具有比较相似的形貌,在试验后期都会形成较致密的针织状或者粒状小片状的腐蚀产物,生成的腐蚀产物种类一致,主要由ZnO和Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O组成。因此,热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境暴露试验和环境谱加速试验中的腐蚀产物有较好的相关性。
2.2 腐蚀动力学相关性分析
热浸镀锌钢在室内外试验等当量时间内腐蚀失厚量变化规律如图6所示。可知,海南滨海大气环境暴露1 a腐蚀失厚量与环境谱加速试验1周期(当量年)偏差较大,表明受到实际户外环境变化的影响,大气腐蚀初期存在一定的偏差。随着试验时间延长,在1.5和2 a腐蚀失厚量偏差减小,室内外试验的腐蚀动力学规律保持较好的一致性。
图6
图6
热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境室内外试验的腐蚀动力学变化规律对比
Fig.6
Comparison of corrosion kinetics variation of hot-dip galvanized steel in indoor and outdoor tests in Hainan coastal atmospheric environment
灰色关联度分析法能根据因素之间发展趋势的相似程度来判断其联系是否紧密,其优点是对样本量的多少和样本有无规律都同样适用。其中邓氏关联方法应用最为广泛,因此采用邓氏关联方法对热浸镀锌钢进行分析。灰色关联度γ可以描述两个关联量之间的关联程度:
式中,
(1) 参考序列与比较序列
热浸镀锌钢的户外大气暴露试验失重数据为参考系列X0(k),k = 1、2、2.5,环境谱加速试验失重数据为比较序列Xi(k),k =0.5、1、1.5、2。对室内外的失重数据进行动力学拟合得到两者对应时间的失重数据,如表1。
表1 热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境室内外试验后的腐蚀失重数据
Table 1
| Outdoor tests | Indoor tests | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Time / a | X0 | Time / cyc | Xi |
| 0.5 | 2.18 | 0.5 | 3.09 |
| 1 | 3.88 | 1 | 5.22 |
| 1.5 | 5.56 | 1.5 | 6.80 |
| 2 | 7.22 | 2 | 8.06 |
| 2.5 | 8.61 | 2.5 | 9.47 |
(2) 初值化腐蚀失重数据
根据
表2 热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境室内外试验后的腐蚀失重数据的初值化处理
Table 2
| Outdoor tests | Indoor tests | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time / a | X0 | Time / cyc | Xi | |
| 0.5 | 1.000 | 0.5 | 1.000 | |
| 1 | 1.780 | 1 | 1.689 | |
| 1.5 | 2.550 | 1.5 | 2.201 | |
| 2 | 3.312 | 2 | 2.608 | |
| 2.5 | 3.950 | 2.5 | 3.065 | |
(3) 绝对差序列
根据
表3 热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境室内外试验后的腐蚀失重数据绝对差
Table 3
| Outdoor tests time / a | Indoor tests time / cyc | D / μm |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.000 |
| 1 | 1 | 1.689 |
| 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.201 |
| 2 | 2 | 2.608 |
| 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.065 |
(4) 海南滨海大气环境室内外试验灰色关联度计算
根据
2.3 电化学机理相关性分析
通过前述对热浸镀锌钢的腐蚀产物和动力学规律分析的基础上,进行电化学动极化曲线测试,通过所测动极化曲线的阳极部分和阴极部分的Tafel区域,推算得到腐蚀电流密度(Icorr)和腐蚀电位(Ecorr),进一步分析在海南滨海大气环境暴露试验和环境谱加速试验后的耐蚀性能和腐蚀电化学机理。
图7
图7
热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境暴露试验和环境谱加速试验后的动电位极化曲线
Fig.7
Dynamic potential polarization curves of hot-dip galvanized steel after exposure test and environmental spectrum accelerated test in Hainan coastal atmospheric environment: (a) outdoor test, (b) accelerated test
表4 热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境暴露试验不同时间后的动极化曲线拟合数据
Table 4
| Time / a | Ecorr / mV | Icorr / μA·cm-2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 969.066 | 2.753 |
| 2 | 960.256 | 1.540 |
| 2.5 | 937.555 | 1.414 |
表5 热浸镀锌钢在环境谱加速试验不同周期后的动极化曲线拟合结果
Table 5
| Time / cyc | Ecorr / mV | Icorr / μA·cm-2 |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 1010.696 | 3.809 |
| 1 | 990.92 | 2.703 |
| 1.5 | 972.156 | 1.855 |
| 2 | 958.234 | 1.461 |
针对海南滨海户外大气暴露试验和环境谱加速试验后的热浸镀锌钢的电化学结果分析可知,其在室内外试验后的动极化曲线具有相似性,腐蚀过程主要由阴极控制,阳极发生Zn的活性溶解,表明热浸镀锌钢分别在海南滨海户外暴露试验和环境谱加速试验中具有相近的腐蚀机制。同时对比也可以发现,随着试验时间的增长,腐蚀电流均在减小,腐蚀电位均在升高。并且在户外暴露试验时间与环境谱加速试验周期(当量年)的Icorr具有一定的等效性。因此,热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海户外大气暴露试验和环境谱加速腐蚀试验中的电化学机制具有一定的相关性。
3 结论
(1) 镀锌钢表面在2.5 a有少量白色腐蚀产物产生,其表面的一些腐蚀区域在试验后期生成了针状腐蚀产物。镀锌钢腐蚀产物主要由ZnO和Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O组成。其中中ZnO的含量最多,具有一定的保护性,Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O就有一定的致密性,覆盖在腐蚀区域,能够阻碍腐蚀性离子的进一步渗入。
(2) 热浸镀锌钢在海南滨海大气环境暴露试验和环境谱加速腐蚀试验的腐蚀动力学曲线相似,都符合幂函数模型。而且其动极化电化学曲线相似,腐蚀过程由阴极控制,腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流变化趋势一致。
(3) 热浸镀锌钢在室内加速腐蚀试验和户外大气暴露试验中动力学规律和电化学机制保持一致性;生成的腐蚀产物种类一致,腐蚀性离子均富集在镀层中,热浸镀锌层阻碍了腐蚀性离子渗透到基体中。通过灰色关联度分析,热浸镀锌钢的相关性系数大于0.6,表明在海南滨海大气环境的暴露试验和环境谱室内加速腐蚀试验具有良好的相关性,表明环境谱设计合理。
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