2304双相不锈钢钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中的电化学腐蚀行为研究
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Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of 2304 Duplex Stainless Steel in a Simulated Pore Solution in Reinforced Concrete Serving in Marine Environment
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通讯作者: 刘国强,男,1997年生,硕士,助理工程师,E-mail:liuguoqiang020@163.com,研究方向为材料腐蚀与防护、海洋钢筋混凝土结构耐久性
收稿日期: 2023-01-06 修回日期: 2023-02-08
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Corresponding authors: LIU Guoqiang, E-mail:liuguoqiang020@163.com
Received: 2023-01-06 Revised: 2023-02-08
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作者简介 About authors
刘国强,男,1997年生,硕士,助理工程师
采用开路电位测试、电化学阻抗谱测试、动电位极化曲线测试及Mott-Schottky曲线测试研究了HRB400普通碳素钢筋、304奥氏体不锈钢钢筋与2304奥氏体-铁素体型双相不锈钢钢筋在海洋环境中的钝化行为、耐氯盐侵蚀性能及耐蚀机理。结果表明,在混凝土孔隙模拟液中,3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中的腐蚀电位不断提升,阻抗模值、相位角峰宽均逐渐增大,最大相位角向低频方向移动。Mott-Schottky测试结果显示,HRB400钢筋钝化膜中点缺陷密度较高,2304双相不锈钢钢筋钝化膜的点缺陷密度最小。在含氯混凝土孔隙模拟液中,HRB400钢筋、304不锈钢钢筋和2304双相不锈钢钢筋的临界Cl-浓度范围分别为0.02~0.03、1.5~2.0和3.5~4.0 mol/L,其中2304双相不锈钢钢筋较强的耐氯盐侵蚀性能主要是因为钢筋表面钝化膜较低的点缺陷密度和致密的结构,以及Cr、Ni、Mo等耐蚀元素形成的钝化膜对Cl-较强的排斥作用。
关键词:
The corrosion behavior of rebar steels such as HRB400 plain carbon steel, 304 austenitic stainless steel and 2304 austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel in an artificial solution, which aims to simulate the fluids in pores of reinforced concrete serving in marine environments, was comparatively investigated by means of measurements of open-circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectrum, dynamic potential polarization curve and Mott-Schottky curve etc. The results showed that the corrosion potential of the three rebar steels in the simulated solution increased continuously, the impedance modulus and phase angle peak width increased gradually, and the maximum phase angle shifted to the low frequency direction. Mott-Schottky curve measurement results showed that the point defect density in the passivation film of HRB400 plain steel was high, and that in the passivation film of 2304 duplex stainless steel was minimal. The critical chloride ion concentrations for HRB400 plain steel, 304 stainless steel and 2304 duplex stainless steel are in the range of 0.02-0.03, 1.5-2.0 and 3.5-4.0 mol/L, respectively. While the excellent resistance to chloride-induced corrosion of 2304 duplex stainless steel was mainly due to the lower point defect density and compact structure, as well as the enrichment in Cr, Ni, Mo and other corrosion-resistant elements of the passivation film on the steel surface, which enable the passive film stronger repulsive effect on the Cl- ions.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
刘国强, 张东方, 陈昊翔, 范志宏, 熊建波, 吴清发.
LIU Guoqiang, ZHANG Dongfang, CHEN Haoxiang, FAN Zhihong, XIONG Jianbo, WU Qingfa.
随着海洋强国战略的实施,近几年我国海工基础设施建设发展迅速。在这些海工基础设施中,大部分设施都使用钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构。然而,由于海洋恶劣的服役环境,许多钢筋混凝土结构在氯盐长期作用下发生腐蚀而引发结构过早失效,带来了一系列的经济、安全、环境等问题[1]。造成海洋混凝土结构失效的主要因素之一就是钢筋锈蚀[2~5]。在正常情况下,钢筋在混凝土高碱体系中表面生成了较为致密的钝化膜,可以在一定程度上阻止腐蚀的发生。但是,在混凝土的制作过程和外部环境中存在大量的Cl-去钝化剂,当Cl-浓度达到一定的临界值时,则会对钢筋表面的钝化膜造成严重破坏,从而引发钢筋锈蚀,导致钢筋混凝土结构失效[6]。由于不锈钢钢筋表面的钝化膜更为致密,且具有优异的耐氯盐侵蚀性能,使用不锈钢钢筋替代普通碳素钢筋是解决钢筋腐蚀、延长混凝土结构服役寿命的重要手段[7]。2304双相不锈钢钢筋由于其优异的耐蚀性能、较低的全寿命周期成本,成为了应用最为广泛的混凝土结构用不锈钢钢筋之一。但针对2304双相不锈钢钢筋的电化学腐蚀行为研究较少,2304双相不锈钢钢筋相对于其他不锈钢钢筋及普通钢筋在海洋环境下的长期性能,如钢筋钝化与脱钝行为、耐氯盐侵蚀性等,还缺乏系统的对比研究。
本工作采用电化学测试技术研究2304奥氏体-铁素体型双相不锈钢钢筋、304奥氏体不锈钢钢筋、HRB400普通碳素钢筋的钝化行为与耐氯盐侵蚀性能,对比分析奥氏体-铁素体型双相不锈钢钢筋与普通碳素钢筋、奥氏体不锈钢钢筋的耐蚀性能,明确2304双相不锈钢钢筋的耐蚀机理,以期为2304双相不锈钢钢筋的工程应用提供一些指导。
1 实验方法
以2304双相不锈钢钢筋、304不锈钢钢筋、HRB400普通钢筋为研究对象,切割成Φ2 cm×2 cm,并以一端为工作面,另一端焊接铜导线,采用环氧树脂边缘密封,固化后将钢筋用40#、100#、360#、600#、1000#、2000#砂纸逐级打磨,并用乙醇和去离子水冲洗并吹干待用。钢筋的主要成分如表1所示。混凝土孔隙模拟液为饱和氢氧化钙溶液(pH ≈ 12.5)。
表1 3种实验用钢筋的主要化学成分 (mass fraction / %)
Table 1
Material | C | Si | Mn | P | S | N | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | Fe |
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HRB400 | 0.25 | 0.80 | 1.60 | 0.045 | 0.045 | - | - | - | - | - | Bal. |
304 stainless steel | 0.07 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.045 | 0.015 | 0.11 | 17.5-19.5 | 8.0-10.5 | - | - | Bal. |
2304 duplex stainless steel | 0.03 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.035 | 0.015 | 0.05-0.20 | 22.0-24.0 | 3.5-5.5 | 0.10-0.60 | 0.10-0.60 | Bal. |
采用PARSTAT2273电化学工作站进行电化学测试。采用三电极体系,以饱和甘汞为参比电极,钛网为辅助电极,钢筋为工作电极。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试的正弦信号频率范围为105~10-2 Hz,振幅为± 10 mV,数据采用ZSimp Win软件进行合理的等效电路拟合分析。动电位极化曲线测试范围为-0.3~1.2 V(相对开路电位(OCP)),扫描速率为3 mV/s,测试数据用CVIEW软件拟合分析。Mott-Schottky曲线测试电压范围为-0.3~0.6 V(相对参比电极电位),扰动信号为10 mV,频率为1 kHz,扫速为50 mV/s,延迟时间设定为2 s。
先将钢筋浸泡在混凝土孔隙模拟液中进行钝化,模拟钢筋混凝土养护阶段,再加入不同质量浓度的NaCl,测试不同NaCl浓度下钢筋的OCP、EIS,分析不同钢筋的耐氯盐侵蚀性能,并且测试动电位极化曲线分析3种钢筋在临界Cl-浓度下的耐蚀性能,通过Mott-Schottky曲线分析其钝化膜在含氯混凝土环境中的表面半导体特性。
2 结果与讨论
2.1 钝化行为分析
图1为2304双相不锈钢钢筋、304不锈钢钢筋及HRB400普通钢筋浸泡在混凝土孔隙模拟液中的OCP随时间变化曲线图。3种钢筋的OCP均随浸泡时间的延长先急剧增大,到30 h后缓慢增长并趋于稳定,在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡240 h后,HRB400普通钢筋、304不锈钢钢筋、2304双相不锈钢钢筋的OCP基本稳定,依次为-138、-129、-142 mV vs. SCE。
图1
图1
3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中的OCP随时间变化图
Fig.1
OCP of three types of reinforcement in concrete pore simulant as a function of time
图2为3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡不同时间后的EIS。由图可见,随着浸泡时间的延长,3种钢筋的容抗弧半径、低频阻抗模值、相位角峰宽均逐渐增大,最大相位角向低频方向移动。另外,HRB400普通钢筋、304不锈钢钢筋在5 h内钝化膜生长较快,之后钝化膜生长速率减缓;2304双相不锈钢钢筋在1~5 h未发生钝化反应,5~24 h钝化膜快速生长,后期钝化膜趋于稳定。在钝化240 h后,2304双相不锈钢钢筋的容抗弧半径和低频阻抗模值均大于304不锈钢钢筋,HRB400普通钢筋最小。
图2
图2
3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液不同浸泡时间下的EIS
Fig.2
Nyquist (a, d, g), impedance module (b, e, h) and phase angle (c, f, i) plots of HRB400 common steel bar (a-c), 304 stainless steel bar (d-f) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (g-i) in concrete pore simulant with different immersion time
图3
3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡不同时间的EIS拟合结果如图4所示,HRB400普通钢筋的Rct和Rf相较于304不锈钢钢筋和2304双相不锈钢钢筋来说增长较慢,且在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡240 h后,钝化膜膜层电阻达到0.82 MΩ·cm2。304不锈钢钢筋在1~5 h内Rct和Rf增长较快,120 h后趋于稳定,浸泡240 h后钝化膜膜层电阻达到3.19 MΩ·cm2。2304双相不锈钢钢筋Rct和Rf与304不锈钢钢筋增长趋势相似,在浸泡240 h钝化膜膜层电阻为3.97 MΩ·cm2。这表明,2304双相不锈钢钢筋的钝化膜耐蚀性能优于304不锈钢钢筋,优于HRB400普通钢筋。
图4
图4
3种钢筋EIS拟合结果
Fig.4
Fitting results of EIS of three kinds of steel bars: (a) Rct with immersion time, (b) Rf with immersion time
钢筋表面钝化膜具有半导体特性,但与本征半导体不同,钝化膜层通常表现为重掺杂、高度简并的半导体性质[10]。根据电子能带理论,当氧化物导带的电子数量大于价带中的空穴数量时,氧化物表现为n型半导体,反之为p型半导体,钝化膜的半导体特性可用Mott-Schottky关系式来描述[11]。根据点缺陷模型,钢筋表面钝化膜中含有各种高浓度的点缺陷,p型半导体钝化膜的主要点缺陷是阳离子空位,为电子受主;n型半导体钝化膜的主要点缺陷是氧空位/阳离子间隙,为电子施主[12,13]。氯离子等侵蚀性离子正是借助这些缺陷进入钢筋钝化膜表面空位,从而劣化钝化膜耐蚀性能。因此,钢筋钝化膜的点缺陷密度越小,氯离子等侵蚀性离子就越难吸附进入表面空位,阳极的反应也就越难进行,其钝化膜的耐腐蚀性能也就越优异[10]。
图5为3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中钝化240 h后的Mott-Schottky曲线。由图可见,外加电位在-0.3~0.4 V范围时,HRB400普通钢筋钝化膜的C-2-E关系呈M-S特性,Mott-Schottky曲线斜率为正值,显示n型半导体性质。304不锈钢钢筋和2304双相不锈钢钢筋表面钝化膜在外加电压范围内Mott-Schottky曲线斜率为负值,表现为p型半导体行为。HRB400普通钢筋表面钝化膜成分主要为FeO、Fe2O3、FeOOH[14],304不锈钢钢筋表面钝化膜主要成分除了Fe的氧化物还含有Cr、Ni的氧化物[7],而2304双相不锈钢钢筋在此基础上富含Mo的氧化物[15]。研究表明,Fe的氧化物具有n型半导体性质,Cr、Ni、Mo的氧化物具有p型半导体性质[16,17],这与M-S曲线的结果是一致的。根据氧化物的等电点理论[18~20],以Cr、Ni、Mo的氧化物为主的p型半导体表面带负电荷,对Cl-具有较强的排斥作用,故304不锈钢钢筋与2304双相不锈钢钢筋对Cl-具有较强的排斥作用,耐蚀性能更强。根据Mott-Schottky关系式计算3种钢筋的载流子密度和平带电位(Efb),结果如表2所示,ND为施主密度,NA为受主密度。在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡240 h后,HRB400普通钢筋载流子密度为2.76 × 1021 cm-3,304不锈钢钢筋载流子密度为1.07 × 1021 cm-3,2304双相不锈钢钢筋的载流子密度为8.63 × 1020 cm-3。这表明,HRB400普通钢筋钝化膜缺陷最多,耐蚀性能最差,304不锈钢钢筋耐蚀性能比HRB400普通钢筋较为优异。而2304双相不锈钢钢筋由于Cr,Ni,特别是Mo耐蚀元素的存在[21],钝化膜更加致密,表面点缺陷密度最少,耐蚀性能最好。
图5
图5
3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟中钝化10 d后的Mott-Schottky曲线图
Fig.5
Mott-Schottky curves for HRB400 ordinary steel bar (a), 304 stainless steel bar (b) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (c) after passivation in concrete pore simulation for 10 d
表2 3种钢筋生成钝化膜的载流子密度和平带电位
Table 2
Rebar | ND / NA | Efb |
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HRB400 | 2.76 × 1021 | -0.693 |
304 stainless steel | 1.07 × 1021 | 0.685 |
2304 duplex stainless steel | 8.63 × 1020 | 0.541 |
图6为3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡1和240 h后进行动电位极化曲线测试结果及其拟合结果。由图可见,在浸泡240 h后,HRB400普通钢筋腐蚀电流密度从2.84 μA/cm2降低至0.32 μA/cm2,304不锈钢钢筋的腐蚀电流密度从2.76 μA/cm2降低至0.16 μA/cm2,2304双相不锈钢钢筋的腐蚀电流密度从0.97 μA/cm2降低至为0.05 μA/cm2。这表明,经过在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡后,3种钢筋均发生钝化,且表面钝化膜缺陷减少,使得腐蚀电流密度降低。
图6
图6
3种钢筋在混凝土孔隙模拟液中浸泡1和240 h后的动电位极化曲线及腐蚀电流密度
Fig.6
Plots of dynamic potential polarization curves for HRB400 ordinary steel bar (a), 304 stainless steel bar (b) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (c) after immersion in concrete pore simulation solution for 1 and 240 and corrosion current density (d)
2.2 耐氯盐侵蚀性能分析
为了模拟钢筋混凝土的实际服役状况,先将3种钢筋浸泡在混凝土孔隙模拟液中进行钝化以模拟其养护阶段,之后再添加NaCl研究其耐氯盐侵蚀性能。图7为3种钢筋钝化后的OCP随NaCl浓度的变化规律,所有试样在进行OCP测试前均在含氯混凝土模拟液中浸泡了1 d。由图可见,随着NaCl的不断添加,3种钢筋的OCP均出现不同程度的下降,且均在某一值发生急剧变化:当NaCl浓度为0.03 mol/L时,HRB400普通钢筋的OCP显著降低至-282 mV,当NaCl浓度为2.0 mol/L时,304不锈钢钢筋的OCP显著降低至-324 mV,当NaCl浓度为4.0 mol/L时,2304双相不锈钢钢筋的OCP降低至-163 mV。
图7
图7
3种钢筋在不同含氯混凝土孔隙模拟液中的OCP随NaCl浓度变化
Fig.7
OCP of HRB400 ordinary steel bar (a), 304 stainless steel bar (b) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (c) in different chloride containing concrete pore simulants with NaCl concentration
图8为3种钢筋在不同NaCl浓度下进行EIS测试结果。由图可见,随着NaCl浓度的增大,3种钢筋的容抗弧半径、低频阻抗模值和相位角峰宽逐渐减小。HRB400普通钢筋在0.02~0.03 mol/L NaCl浓度范围内,304不锈钢钢筋在1.5~2 mol/L NaCl浓度范围内,2304双相不锈钢钢筋在3.5~4 mol/L NaCl浓度范围内的容抗弧半径、低频阻抗模值和相位角峰宽均发生了显著减小。这表明在此NaCl浓度范围内3种钢筋表面钝化膜均产生了较大缺陷,这与OCP的结果是一致的。
图8
图8
3种钢筋在不同含氯混凝土孔隙模拟液中的EIS
Fig.8
Nyquist (a, d, g), impedance module (b, e, h) and phase angle (c, f, i) plots of HRB400 common steel bar (a-c), 304 stainless steel bar (d-f) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (g-i) in different chloride containing concrete pore simulants
图9
图9
3种钢筋在不同含氯混凝土孔隙模拟液中的EIS拟合结果随NaCl浓度变化
Fig.9
Plots of Rf versus NaCl concentration for the EIS fitting results for HRB400 plain steel bar (a), 304 stainless steel bar (b) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (c) in different chloride containing concrete pore simulants
在分析了3种钢筋在不含氯的混凝土孔隙模拟液中表面钝化膜半导体特性的基础上,研究其在Cl-作用下的钝化膜半导体特性。图10为3种钢筋钝化后在4.5 mol/L NaCl溶液中浸泡的M-S曲线测试结果图。对比图中3种钢筋钝化后的M-S结果可知,3种钢筋的钝化膜结构由于Cl-的侵蚀均发生了变化。除304不锈钢钢筋外,HRB400普通钢筋和2304双相不锈钢钢筋均在施加电位范围内呈现4个区域,对曲线进行拟合,如表3所示,在每一个区域内,2304双相不锈钢钢筋的施主密度和受主密度都小于304不锈钢钢筋,小于HRB400普通钢筋,这表明,在Cl-的侵蚀下,2304双相不锈钢钢筋钝化膜表面破坏最小,具有优异的耐氯盐侵蚀性能。
图10
图10
3种钢筋在含4.5 mol/L NaCl混凝土孔隙模拟液中的Mott-Schottky曲线图
Fig.10
Mott-Schottky curves of HRB400 plain steel bar (a), 304 stainless steel bar (b) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (c) in concrete pore simulation solution containing 4.5 mol/L NaCl
表3 3种钢筋在含4.5 mol/L NaCl的混凝土孔隙模拟液中表面钝化膜的载流子密度
Table 3
Rebar | ND1 | NA1 | ND2 | NA2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
HRB400 | 8.41 × 1021 | 8.98 × 1021 | 5.24 × 1021 | 9.72 × 1021 |
304 stainless steel | 3.15 × 1021 | 2.94 × 1021 | - | 3.07 × 1021 |
2304 duplex stainless steel | 2.45 × 1021 | 8.62 × 1020 | 3.08 × 1021 | 2.07 × 1021 |
图11为3种钢筋在不同含氯混凝土孔隙模拟液中的动电位极化曲线图及拟合结果。由图可见,在未添加NaCl时,HRB400普通钢筋、304不锈钢钢筋、2304双相不锈钢钢筋的自腐蚀电流密度分别为0.32、0.16和0.05 μA/cm2,而在0.03 mol/L NaCl浓度下,HRB400普通钢筋的自腐蚀电流密度为6.22 μA/cm2;在2.0 mol/L NaCl浓度下304不锈钢钢筋的自腐蚀电流密度为0.50 μA/cm2;在4.0 mol/L NaCl浓度下2304双相不锈钢钢筋自腐蚀电流密度为0.24 μA/cm2。可以看出,即使在高盐浓度下,2304双相不锈钢钢筋仍具有较低的腐蚀电流密度,表现出优异的耐氯盐侵蚀性能。
图11
图11
3种钢筋在不同含氯混凝土孔隙模拟液中的动电位极化曲线图及腐蚀电流密度
Fig.11
Plots of dynamic potential polarization curves and corrosion current density for HRB400 plain steel bar (a), 304 stainless steel bar (b) and 2304 duplex stainless steel bar (c) in different chloride containing concrete pore simulation liquids
3 结论
(1) 3种钢筋在混凝土模拟孔隙液中浸泡5 d后均完成钝化,2304双相不锈钢钢筋钝化后表面钝化膜耐蚀性能最好。
(2) HRB400普通钢筋、304不锈钢钢筋和2304双相不锈钢钢筋的临界Cl-浓度范围分别为0.02~0.03、1.5~2.0和3.5~4.0 mol/L。
(3) 耐氯盐侵蚀性能提升的原因是钢筋表面钝化膜表面点缺陷密度的减少以及不锈钢中Cr、Ni、Mo等耐蚀元素形成的钝化膜对Cl-排斥作用的增强。
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