Characterization of produced waters (PWs) is an initial step for determining potential beneficial uses such as irrigation and surface water discharge at some sites. A meta-analysis of characteristics of five PW sources [i.e. shale gas (SGPWs), conventional natural gas (NGPWs), conventional oil (OPWs), coal-bed methane (CBMPWs), tight gas sands (TGSPWs)] was conducted from peer-reviewed literature, government or industry documents, book chapters, internet sources, analytical records from industry, and analyses of PW samples. This meta-analysis assembled a large dataset to extract information of interest such as differences and similarities in constituent and constituent concentrations across these sources of PWs. The PW data analyzed were comprised of 377 coal-bed methane, 165 oilfield, 137 tight gas sand, 4000 natural gas, and 541 shale gas records. Majority of SGPWs, NGPWs, OPWs, and TGSPWs contain chloride concentrations ranging from saline (>30000 mg L(-1)) to hypersaline (>40000 mg L(-1)), while most CBMPWs were fresh (<5000 mg L(-1)). For inorganic constituents, most SGPW and NGPW iron concentrations exceeded the numeric criterion for irrigation and surface water discharge, while OPW and CBMPW iron concentrations were less than the criterion. Approximately one-fourth of the PW samples in this database are fresh and likely need minimal treatment for metal and metalloid constituents prior to use, while some PWs are brackish (5000-30000 mg Cl(-) L(-1)) to saline containing metals and metalloids that may require considerable treatment. Other PWs are hypersaline and produce a considerable waste stream from reverse osmosis; remediation of these waters may not be feasible. After renovation, fresh to saline PWs may be used for irrigation and replenishing surface waters.Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Attached populations of corrosion enhancing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and organic acid-producing bacteria (APB) were measured on steel plugs at an oil field water injection plant near Wainwright, Alberta. The sample plugs were colonized to ca. 106 SRB/cm2. Counts for APB ranged from 102 to 10/cm2. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the sample plugs revealed an uneven distribution of surface corrosion deposits. A thin iron sulfide layer covered most of the exposed areas. Thicker sulfur-enriched deposits occurred randomly. The bulk of the thicker deposits were smooth, whereas peripheral regions exhibited a porous texture. The elemental composition of the different regions was the same; however, bacterial cells were concentrated in the porous areas and were not found in the thinner deposits. In transmission electron microscopic thin sections cut perpendicularly through corrosion deposits, bacterial cells were found mineralized in successive stages by iron sulfides. The corrosion deposit matrix also generated strong Cl peaks in energy dispersive X-ray spectra. This entrainment of bacterial cells within a corrosion deposit matrix is consistent with the concept of bacterial enhancement of corrosion by removal of reducing power from iron sulfides galvanically coupled to the steel surface. Key words: microbial corrosion, iron sulfide, cathodic hydrogen, electron microscopy.

采用慢应变速率拉神 (SSRT) 实验和SEM研究了SRB对X100管线钢在典型的酸性土壤 (鹰潭土壤模拟溶液) 中应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果表明,X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的SCC敏感性高于有菌时的,X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌和有菌酸性土壤中的断裂模式均为穿晶SCC断裂,说明SRB的存在抑制了X100钢的脆变,导致X100钢的SCC敏感性降低,这可能是由于SRB能在X100钢表面快速生长繁殖并形成生物膜,该生物膜随时间的增加会不断的堆积并变得致密,一定程度上阻隔了腐蚀性Cl^-进入钢基体表面,致使X100钢的SCC敏感性减小。

采用动电位极化技术、慢应变速率拉伸实验 (SSRT) 以及扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 等方法研究了硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB) 新陈代谢对2205双相不锈钢 (DSS) 在3.5% (质量分数) NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂 (SCC) 行为的影响。结果表明，与无菌溶液中相比，SRB的存在促进了2205DSS的阳极溶解过程，诱发了点蚀，为SCC萌生提供了裂纹源。2205DSS的SCC敏感性与SRB活性浓度呈正相关，在稳定生长期SRB活性浓度最大，此时2205DSS的SCC敏感性最大。2205DSS在含SRB的3.5%NaCl溶液中发生的SCC机理为阳极溶解和氢脆混合控制机制。SRB作用下，2205DSS中铁素体相表现为穿晶解理特征，奥氏体相表现为韧性撕裂的特征，铁素体相具有更高的SCC敏感性。

Hydraulic fracturing is the industry standard for extracting hydrocarbons from shale formations. Attention has been paid to the economic benefits and environmental impacts of this process, yet the biogeochemical changes induced in the deep subsurface are poorly understood. Recent single-gene investigations revealed that halotolerant microbial communities were enriched after hydraulic fracturing. Here, the reconstruction of 31 unique genomes coupled to metabolite data from the Marcellus and Utica shales revealed that many of the persisting organisms play roles in methylamine cycling, ultimately supporting methanogenesis in the deep biosphere. Fermentation of injected chemical additives also sustains long-term microbial persistence, while thiosulfate reduction could produce sulfide, contributing to reservoir souring and infrastructure corrosion. Extensive links between viruses and microbial hosts demonstrate active viral predation, which may contribute to the release of labile cellular constituents into the extracellular environment. Our analyses show that hydraulic fracturing provides the organismal and chemical inputs for colonization and persistence in the deep terrestrial subsurface.

Produced waters from hydraulically fractured shale formations give insight into the microbial ecology and biogeochemical conditions down-well. This study explores the potential for sulfide production by persistent microorganisms recovered from produced water samples collected from the Marcellus shale formation. Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic and corrosive, and can lead to the formation of "sour gas" which is costly to refine. Furthermore, microbial colonization of hydraulically fractured shale could result in formation plugging and a reduction in well productivity. It is vital to assess the potential for sulfide production in persistent microbial taxa, especially when considering the trend of reusing produced waters as input fluids, potentially enriching for problematic microorganisms. Using most probable number (MPN) counts and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multiple viable strains of bacteria were identified from stored produced waters, mostly belonging to the Genus, that were capable of growth via fermentation, and produced sulfide when supplied with thiosulfate. No sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were detected through culturing, despite the detection of relatively low numbers of sulfate-reducing lineages by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These results demonstrate that sulfidogenic produced water populations remain viable for years post production and, if left unchecked, have the potential to lead to natural gas souring during shale gas extraction.Copyright © 2020 Cliffe, Nixon, Daly, Eden, Taylor, Boothman, Wilkins, Wrighton and Lloyd.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a major cause of corrosion damages, facility failures, and financial losses, making MIC an important research topic. Due to complex microbiological activities and a lack of deep understanding of the interactions between biofilms and metal surfaces, MIC occurrences and mechanisms are difficult to predict and interpret. Many theories and mechanisms have been proposed to explain MIC. In this review, the mechanisms of MIC are discussed using bioenergetics, microbial respiration types, and biofilm extracellular electron transfer (EET). Two main MIC types, namely EET-MIC and metabolite MIC (M-MIC), are discussed. This brief review provides a state of the art insight into MIC mechanisms and it helps the diagnosis and prediction of occurrences of MIC under anaerobic conditions in the oil and gas industry.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an equation for the synergistic corrosion of SRB and CO2 based on the D-W model.