流速对碳钢弯管段流动加速腐蚀速率的影响
Effect of Flow Velocity on Flow Accelerated Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel Elbow
通讯作者: 司晓东,E-mail:Xiaod_Si@163.com,研究方向为流动加速腐蚀
收稿日期: 2022-10-17 修回日期: 2022-11-23
基金资助: |
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Corresponding authors: SI Xiaodong, E-mail:Xiaod_Si@163.com
Received: 2022-10-17 Revised: 2022-11-23
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作者简介 About authors
潘代龙,男,2001年生,本科生
利用自行设计的流动加速腐蚀实验台和阵列电极技术研究了120 ℃下不同流速对20#碳钢弯管段流动加速腐蚀速率分布的影响。并基于流体动力学模拟分析了流体动力学参数与腐蚀速率之间的关联。结果表明:不同的流速下,最大腐蚀电流密度位于弯管外弯侧。随着流速的增大,流动加速腐蚀速率显著提高。此外,通过实验与模拟结果对比表明,径向局部速度分量可作为预测碳钢弯管段流动加速腐蚀速率大小的重要参数。基于最小二乘法拟合获得了径向局部速度分量与腐蚀速率间的经验公式。本研究可应用于火电、核电和化工等工业碳钢弯管运输管路的设计优化、运行监测和检修维护策略的制定。
关键词:
Carbon steel is the main material for power plants, oil and gas pipelines. Flow accelerated corrosion is the main factor causing pipeline failure in power plants, especially the secondary circuit pipeline system of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant. In this paper, a home-made flow accelerated corrosion test rig and array electrode technology was used to study the effect of different flow rates on the flow accelerated corrosion rate distribution of 20# carbon steel elbow at 120 °C. The correlation between hydrodynamic parameters and corrosion rate was analyzed based on hydrodynamic simulation. The results show that the maximum corrosion current density is located at the external bending side of the elbow at different flow rates. With the increase of flow velocity, the flow accelerated corrosion rate increased significantly. In addition, the comparison of experimental data and simulation results show that the radial local velocity component can be used as an important parameter to predict the flow accelerated corrosion rate of carbon steel elbow. The empirical formula between the radial local velocity component and the corrosion rate was obtained by fitting based on the least square method. This research can be applied to design optimization, operation monitoring and maintenance strategy formulation of carbon steel elbow transport lines in thermal power, nuclear power and chemical industries.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
潘代龙, 司晓东, 吕金洪.
PAN Dailong, SI Xiaodong, LV Jinhong.
FAC为物理和化学相互耦合的结果,其主要受流体动力学因素、环境因素及材料因素的影响[5~7]。当流体流经奇形管道区域时,会产生局部湍流,造成流体流动形态剧烈变化,加剧流动加速腐蚀的影响[8]。环境因素主要包括流体温度、pH值及溶解氧量等[9~11]。研究表明,对于单相流,FAC速率在140 °C左右出现峰值[12];随着pH值和溶解氧浓度的增加,FAC速率会显著降低[13]。此外,高湍流局部区域显著影响腐蚀产物向主流区的传质速率,易造成各管路系统频繁失效。然而,管道中的湍流参数,如流速、湍动能、湍流强度等很难通过实验进行准确测量。且目前各商业预测软件因需要大量现场数据进行优化与修正而无法被广泛推广和应用,所以深入研究各个影响因素,尤其是湍流参数与FAC速率的关系至关重要。
本工作结合实验和数值模拟,基于自设计FAC实验台获得弯管段FAC速率分布,对比模拟弯管段的流体动力学参数特征,揭示了弯管段FAC速率与湍流参数的相关性。
1 实验方法
实验工作电极由20#碳钢制成,单个电极暴露面积为3.14 mm×3.14 mm。实验前,用不同粒度的碳化硅砂纸逐级打磨电极,然后在抛光机中抛光,再依次用去离子水和丙酮进行超声清洗,去除电极表面残留杂质。利用NaOH溶液和去离子水配制测试液,根据压水堆核电站 (PWR) 二回路水化学方法,溶液pH为9.3 (25 °C)。在配置好的溶液中鼓吹N2同时开启加热装置,去除溶液中溶解氧的影响。
图1
在Metrohm Autolab电化学工作站上,使用三电极系统进行电化学测量。如图2所示,弯管实验段共26个阵列电极,其中24个为工作电极,弯管肘部下侧为辅助电极;肘部上侧为参比电极,不同电极与管道间采用绝缘材料隔离。从弯管实验段出口至入口分别标记为B1~B7、A1~A5;两侧各分布6个测点,分别为C1~C6、D1~D6。其中,C3与C4之间为Ag/AgCl参比电极,D3与D4之间为辅助电极。电化学阻抗谱图频率范围为105~10-1 Hz,正弦电压激励信号幅值为10 mV。
图2
图2
实验段阵列电极安装及测点分布示意图
Fig.2
Schematic diagram of array electrode installation (a) and measuring point distribution (b) in test section
利用Fluent对90°弯管进行数值模拟,入口直管段长为2000 mm,出口直管长为900 mm,与实验管道尺寸一致。采用Realizable k-ε (RKE) 湍流模型求解Navier-Stokes方程,velocity-inlet为入口边界条件,弯管段入口流速分别为1、2、3和4 m/s;出口边界条件设定为pressure-outlet。
2 结果讨论与分析
图3为不同流速下典型位置阵列工作电极 (A1,A3,A5,B1,B4和B7) 的Nyquist图。不同流速下的阻抗谱均由高频区的电容性半圆和低频区的扩散容抗弧组成。电容性半圆归因于界面电荷转移反应,体现了工作电极样品在FAC过程中的溶解行为,电容性半圆形的直径大小代表电荷转移电阻的大小;扩散容抗弧偏离标准半圆现象归因于电极表面的“弥散效应”[15]。由图可知,不同流速下工作电极的Nyquist图在高频区容抗弧半径沿流动方向均先减小后增大。随着流速的增大,对应工作电极的容抗弧半径逐渐减小,表明电荷传递电阻也逐渐减小。此外,在不同流速下,最小容抗弧半径均位于B4电极处,即弯管实验段外弯最外侧位置。
图3
图3
不同流速条件下弯管段典型阵列电极Nyquist图
Fig.3
Nyquist plots of typical array electrodes in elbow section at 1 m/s (a), 2 m/s (b), 3 m/s (c) and 4 m/s (d)
图4
图5
图5
不同流速下弯管实验段阵列工作电极的电荷传递电阻和腐蚀电流密度
Fig.5
Charge transfer resistance (a) and corrosion current density (b) of array working electrode in elbow test section at different flow rates
根据Stern-Geary方程[15],得出对应位置处的腐蚀电流密度,如图5b所示。由图可知,随着流速的增加,腐蚀电流密度的分布形态无明显变化,沿流动方向肘部腐蚀电流密度明显高于其它位置。表1为不同流速下典型位置阵列工作电极的电荷转移电阻和腐蚀电流密度的具体数值。由表可知,在弯管实验段,外弯侧和内弯侧的腐蚀电流密度最大值分别位于B4 (对应于弯管最外侧) 与A3 (对应于弯管最内侧)。流速的增加能够显著增大弯管段阵列电极的腐蚀电流密度,这是因为金属基体和氧化物界面的可溶性含铁组分 (包括Fe2+、FeOH+、HFeO
表1 不同流速下典型位置阵列工作电极的电荷转移电阻和腐蚀电流密度
Table 1
Position | Rct / Ω·cm2 | Icorr / μA·cm-2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
A1 | 1450 | 1375 | 1200 | 820 | 17.72 | 18.68 | 21.41 | 31.33 | |
A3 | 1390 | 1350 | 1161 | 750 | 18.48 | 19.03 | 22.12 | 34.25 | |
A5 | 1500 | 1400 | 1250 | 925 | 17.12 | 18.35 | 20.55 | 27.77 | |
B1 | 1700 | 1550 | 1226 | 910 | 15.11 | 16.57 | 20.96 | 28.23 | |
B4 | 1300 | 1150 | 922 | 730 | 19.76 | 22.34 | 27.87 | 35.19 | |
B7 | 1600 | 1450 | 1240 | 930 | 16.05 | 17.72 | 20.72 | 27.62 |
3 实验数据与数值模拟结果比较
由实验结果可知,当流速大于3 m/s时,阵列工作电极腐蚀电流密度明显增加,故选取入口速度为3 m/s实验段的流体动力学参数与腐蚀结果进行分析。图5a~d为腐蚀电流密度与各流体动力学参数对比。从图中可知,弯管段腐蚀电流密度与流速、剪切应力、湍动能以及轴向速率仅呈现局部相关,所以上述四个流体动力学参数不能作为反映弯管段流动加速腐蚀速率大小的“指示参数”。
图6
图6
各流体动力学参数与腐蚀电流密度比较
Fig.6
Comparison of velocity (a), wall shear (b), turbulence kinetic energy (c), axial local velocity (d) and corrosion current density
图7
图7
径向局部速度与腐蚀电流密度的比较
Fig.7
Comparison of radial local velocity and corrosion current density between intrados (a) and extrados (b)
为进一步验证径向局部速度分量的有效性,我们将不同流速 (1、2、3和4 m/s) 下,弯管实验段不同测点的腐蚀电流密度和径向局部速度分量进行比较,如图8所示。由图可知,在不同流速下,实验段不同阵列工作电极腐蚀电流密度的变化趋势与径向局部速度分量变化趋势吻合良好,这证明了Vr与FAC速率具有明显的相关性。
图8
图8
不同流速下径向局部速度与腐蚀电流密度的比较
Fig.8
Comparison of radial local velocity and corrosion current density at 1 m/s (a), 2 m/s (b), 3 m/s (c) and 4 m/s (d)
4 径向局部速度分量与腐蚀电流密度的关系
为确定Vr和腐蚀电流密度的关系,逐点选取基于实验的腐蚀电流密度值和基于数值模拟结果的Vr值,并将计算为负值的Vr取其绝对值。图9给出了基于Vr与腐蚀电流密度同取对数的最小二乘法直线拟合,Vr与腐蚀电流密度的经验方程可表示为:
图9
图9
弯管实验段不同流速的腐蚀电流密度和Vr的拟合关系
Fig.9
Fitting relationship between corrosion current density and Vr at different flow rates in elbow test section
由于本研究对给水系统的管道进行了分析,因此本经验方程 (1) 只适用于入口流速为1~4 m/s,常温下的pH为9.3,溶液中溶解氧在0.1 μg/kg以下的工况。
5 结论
通过对90°弯管进行流动加速腐蚀实验和数值模拟,研究了流速对弯管段FAC速率的影响。使用阵列电极技术对碳钢弯管段不同位置进行了电化学测量,实验结果表明,不同的流速下,内弯侧和外弯侧腐蚀电流密度均呈先增大后减小趋势,且弯管段的最大腐蚀电流密度位于弯管最外侧,与火力发电厂及核电站事故特征符合良好。随着流速的增加,弯管实验段工作电极电荷传递电阻减小,腐蚀电流密度增大,且当流速大于3 m/s时,FAC速率显著增加,这与流速加快溶解产物的有效传质过程有关。此外,通过数值模拟获得不同流速下流体动力学参数 (流速、剪切应力、湍动能、轴向速率及径向速率) 与腐蚀电流密度的相关性,发现沿着弯管径向局部速度分量与腐蚀电流密度变化趋势吻合较好,这与90°弯头二次流的演化密切相关。基于最小二乘拟合结果可以得出:Icorr=22.71Vr0.038。该结果可用于20#碳钢弯管段壁厚减薄原因的验证及管道设计的修改,有助于减少FAC事故的发生,提高电厂相关系统运行的安全性。
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