Mechanism and Response Surface Model for Effect of Mn2+ on 304L and C25 Stainless Steels in High-temperature Nitric Acid

doi:10.11902/1005.4537.2025.292

Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection

2026, Vol. 46

Issue (4): 1015-1030 DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2025.292

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Mechanism and Response Surface Model for Effect of Mn²⁺ on 304L and C25 Stainless Steels in High-temperature Nitric Acid

SUN Xin¹^,², QU Jiawei³, GAO Zilin³, ZHENG Yue³, MA Aili²(

), YAO Lin³(

), ZHANG Lianmin², ZHENG Yugui²

^1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
^2.CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
^3.CNNC China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. Ltd., Beijing 100840, China

Cite this article:

SUN Xin, QU Jiawei, GAO Zilin, ZHENG Yue, MA Aili, YAO Lin, ZHANG Lianmin, ZHENG Yugui. Mechanism and Response Surface Model for Effect of Mn²⁺ on 304L and C25 Stainless Steels in High-temperature Nitric Acid. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection, 2026, 46(4): 1015-1030.

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Abstract

Spent nuclear fuel reprocessing equipment is exposed to high-temperature concentrated nitric acid for extended durations, and the Mn²⁺ ions produced during the process may affect the corrosion behavior of key stainless steel structural materials. Herein, the effect of three factors, namely temperature (60 ℃ to boiling point), nitric acid concentration (3-6 mol/L), and Mn²⁺ ion concentration (0.1-10 g/L) of high-temperature concentrated nitric acid solutions, and their interactions on the corrosion behavior of 304L and C25 austenitic stainless steels was investigated via immersion test, electrochemical measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis while a predictive model was established based on response surface methodology (RSM). The results show that temperature and nitric acid concentration are the dominant factors governing corrosion behavior, and their increase significantly accelerates the cathodic reaction, leading to an increase in corrosion current density (I_corr) and a decrease in polarization resistance (R_p). Mn²⁺ ions act as a secondary promoting factor, mainly by weakening the stability of the passive film (especially in medium and low acidity environments), thereby intensifying the corrosion. XPS analysis reveals that high concentrations of Mn²⁺ lead to a decrease in Fe content and enrichment of Cr oxides on the surface of 304L stainless steel. By comparing the corrosion characteristics of the two steels, it can be concluded that C25 stainless steel has better corrosion resistance than 304L in all conditions, these may be ascribed to higher Cr and Ni content and lower impurities for the C25 stainless steel. The RSM model successfully quantified the effect of each individual factor and their interactions and confirmed the order of the influence intensity of each factor as: temperature > nitric acid concentration ≫ Mn²⁺ concentration. The findings may provide a significant reference for the material selection and the determination of the safety window of process parameters for reprocessing equipment.

Key words: stainless steel nitric acid Mn²⁺ ions corrosion rate polarization resistance intergranular corrosion response surface method

Received: 16 September 2025 32134.14.1005.4537.2025.292

ZTFLH:

TG174

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52373321);IMR Innovation Fund(2023-PY03);Lingchuang Research Project of China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC-LCKY-202274)

Corresponding Authors: MA Aili, E-mail: alma@imr.ac.cn;
YAO Lin, E-mail: yaolin@cnpe.cc

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	SUN Xin
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	ZHENG Yue
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	ZHANG Lianmin
	ZHENG Yugui

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https://www.jcscp.org/EN/10.11902/1005.4537.2025.292 OR https://www.jcscp.org/EN/Y2026/V46/I4/1015

Table 1 Chemical composition of C25 and 304L stainless steels

Fig.1 Metallographic structure of C25 (a) and 304L (b) stainless steels

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the electrochemical test sample^[18]

Fig.3 OCP measurement results of C25 (a-c) and 304L (d-f) stainless steels in 3 mol/L and 6 mol/L nitric acid solutions at different temperatures and Mn²⁺ concentrations

Fig.4 Potentiodynamic polarization curves of C25 (a-c) and 304L (d-f) stainless steels in 3 mol/L and 6 mol/L nitric acid solutions at different temperatures and Mn²⁺ concentrations

	Temperature/ ℃	Nitric acid concentration / mol·L^-1	Mn²⁺ ion concentration / g·L^-1	E_{cror, SCE} / mV	I_corr/ μA·cm^-2	R_s/ Ω·cm²	CPE/ Ω^-1 s^-ⁿ cm^-2	n	R_f/ Ω·cm²	χ^-2	C_ef / F·cm^-2
C25	80	6	0.1	838.0	11.14	0.32	9.71 × 10^-5	0.93	7394	7.00 × 10^-3	6.68 × 10^-5
			1	835.4	9.20	0.47	8.32 × 10^-5	0.93	9327	8.10 × 10^-3	7.09 × 10^-5
			5	834.4	15.74	0.35	1.05 × 10^-4	0.92	7137	2.96 × 10^-3	7.39 × 10^-5
			10	848.9	15.13	0.35	1.19 × 10^-4	0.91	5972	9.60 × 10^-3	8.12 × 10^-5
	Boiling	3	0.1	582.7	0.76	0.36	3.19 × 10^-5	0.97	42500	7.96 × 10^-3	3.21 × 10^-5
			1	713.7	1.19	0.36	5.82 × 10^-5	0.96	17740	3.05 × 10^-3	5.83 × 10^-5
			5	715.8	0.99	0.40	6.20 × 10^-5	0.96	18130	6.53 × 10^-3	6.23 × 10^-5
			10	782.7	4.92	0.42	7.68 × 10^-5	0.95	9208	8.09 × 10^-3	7.53 × 10^-5
		6	0.1	879.2	58.22	0.30	1.74 × 10^-4	0.90	2059	9.14 × 10^-3	1.55 × 10^-4
			1	880.6	55.60	0.29	1.77 × 10^-4	0.90	1931	9.07 × 10^-3	1.56 × 10^-4
			5	880.3	50.47	0.30	1.75 × 10^-4	0.89	1915	8.72 × 10^-3	1.53 × 10^-4
			10	887.6	84.67	0.33	2.16 × 10^-4	0.89	1535	7.76 × 10^-3	1.87 × 10^-4
304L	60	3	0.1	513.0	0.53	0.44	4.21 × 10^-5	0.96	59540	5.56 × 10^-3	4.39 × 10^-5
			1	631.8	0.86	0.74	6.00 × 10^-5	0.95	48660	6.39 × 10^-4	6.34 × 10^-5
			5	617.4	1.11	0.41	7.21 × 10^-5	0.95	36170	4.27 × 10^-3	7.57 × 10^-5
			10	625.8	1.14	0.41	6.97 × 10^-5	0.95	29510	5.82 × 10^-3	7.21 × 10^-5
		6	0.1	791.8	3.23	0.35	6.30 × 10^-5	0.95	17250	7.87 × 10^-3	6.32 × 10^-5
			1	793.3	3.61	0.39	7.28 × 10^-5	0.95	15200	6.96 × 10^-3	7.32 × 10^-5
			5	791.1	4.54	0.44	7.09 × 10^-5	0.95	14070	8.00 × 10^-3	7.09 × 10^-5
			10	794.9	3.81	0.47	7.17 × 10^-5	0.94	14240	7.04 × 10^-3	7.18 × 10^-5
	80	3	0.1	705.4	1.34	0.69	7.42 × 10^-5	0.94	29570	1.14 × 10^-3	7.78 × 10^-5
			1	575.4	0.98	0.41	5.86 × 10^-5	0.96	30190	3.61 × 10^-3	6.02 × 10^-5
			5	563.8	1.09	0.41	6.25 × 10^-5	0.96	24800	4.95 × 10^-3	6.37 × 10^-5
			10	668.6	1.69	0.37	6.75 × 10^-5	0.96	20790	6.60 × 10^-3	6.86 × 10^-5
		6	0.1	834.8	14.18	0.33	8.69 × 10^-5	0.93	5485	9.15 × 10^-3	8.25 × 10^-5
			1	852.7	14.62	0.31	1.02 × 10^-4	0.92	4815	7.44 × 10^-3	9.53 × 10^-5
			5	851.8	14.52	0.32	1.14 × 10^-4	0.91	5205	3.46 × 10^-3	1.08 × 10^-4
			10	837.9	12.96	0.34	1.03 × 10^-4	0.93	4669	7.99 × 10^-3	9.74 × 10^-5
	Boiling	3	0.1	668.9	3.07	0.36	5.79 × 10^-5	0.96	11340	6.33 × 10^-3	5.69 × 10^-5
			1	653.9	2.80	0.39	5.89 × 10^-5	0.96	10270	6.61 × 10^-3	5.77 × 10^-5
			5	714.1	2.44	0.41	5.90 × 10^-5	0.95	12060	5.93 × 10^-3	5.80 × 10^-5
			10	709.8	3.33	0.39	6.06 × 10^-5	0.96	9674	1.56 × 10^-3	5.91 × 10^-5
		6	0.1	876.6	78.88	0.28	1.38 × 10^-4	0.92	1236	9.36 × 10^-3	1.17 × 10^-4
			1	879.1	91.72	0.39	1.48 × 10^-4	0.91	1256	1.29 × 10^-3	1.25 × 10^-4
			5	875.4	79.29	0.76	1.67 × 10^-4	0.90	1177	9.89 × 10^-3	1.41 × 10^-4
			10	881.0	91.41	0.31	1.62 × 10^-4	0.91	1159	7.99 × 10^-3	1.36 × 10^-4

Table 2 Potentiodynamic polarization curves and EIS fitting results for C25 vs 304L in 3 mol/L and 6 mol/L nitric acid solutions at varying temperatures with different Mn²⁺ ion concentrations

Fig.5 EIS results of C25 (a-c) and 304L (d-f) stainless steels in 3 mol/L and 6 mol/L nitric acid solutions at different temperatures and Mn²⁺ concentrations

Fig.6 Equivalent circuit model for electrochemical impedance analysis^[18]

Fig.7 Corrosion rates of C25 and 304L stainless steels after immersion in boiling 6 mol/L nitric acid solutions with different concentrations (0.1-10 g/L) of Mn²⁺ ions for 96 h

Fig.8 Corrosion morphologies of C25 (a-d) and 304L (e-h) stainless steels after 96 h immersion in boiling 6 mol/L nitric acid solutions with 0.1 g/L (a, e), 1 g/L (b, f), 5 g/L (c, g), 10 g/L (d, h) concentrations of Mn²⁺ ions

Fig.9 XPS depth profiles of various elements on the surface of C25 (a, b) and 304L (c, d) stainless steels after 96 h immer-sion in boiling 6 mol/L nitric acid with different concentrations of Mn²⁺

Fig.10 Detailed spectra of Cr 2p (a, b), Fe 2p (c, d), Ni 2p (e, f), and Mn 2p (g, h) sputtered for different times on the surface of C25 after being immersed in boiling 6 mol/L nitric acid containing different concentrations of Mn²⁺ for 96 h

Fig.11 Detailed spectra of Cr 2p (a, b), Fe 2p (c, d), Ni 2p (e, f) and Mn 2p (g, h) sputtered for different times on the surface of 304L after being immersed in boiling 6 mol/L nitric acid containing different concentrations of Mn²⁺ ions for 96 h

Table 3 Influence factors and level design of experiment

Table 4 Optimization levels and R_p values of the BBD model for C25 stainless steel

Table 5 Optimization levels and R_p values of the BBD model for 304L stainless steel

Table 6 Regression coefficients of C25 and 304L stainless steels

Table 7 Regression analysis of variance of BBD Model for C25 stainless steel

Table 8 Regression analysis of variance of BBD Model for C25 stainless steel

Fig.12 Relationship between the predicted and actual values of the response for the C25 (a) and 304L (b) stainless steel models

Fig.13 Perturbation diagrams of R_p values for C25 (a) and 304L (b) stainless steels

Fig.14 The interaction effects of temperature, Mn²⁺ ion concentration, and nitric acid concentration on the R_p of C25 stainless steel (a1-c1) and the corresponding contour plots of response values (a2-c2)

Fig.15 The interaction effects of temperature, Mn²⁺ ion concentration and nitric acid concentration on the R_p of 304L stainless steel (a1-c1) and the corresponding contour plots of response values (a2-c2)

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