中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2026, 46(2): 541-548 DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2025.137

研究报告

金银花植物提取物作为环保型缓蚀剂对低碳钢酸性溶液腐蚀的缓蚀效果

汪崧1, 刘学武2, 赵健2, 李众1, 杨吉可,3

1.北京科技大学新材料技术研究院 北京 100083

2.中国华电科工集团有限公司 北京 100071

3.北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院 北京 100083

Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Honeysuckle Extract as an Eco-friendly Inhibitor for Acid Corrosion on Mild Steel

WANG Song1, LIU Xuewu2, ZHAO Jian2, LI Zhong1, YANG Jike,3

1.Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

2.China Huadian Engineering Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100071, China

3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

通讯作者: 杨吉可,E-mail:Yangjk@ustb.edu.cn,研究方向为金属材料的腐蚀与防护

收稿日期: 2025-05-06   修回日期: 2025-06-26  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  52401074

Corresponding authors: YANG Jike, E-mail:Yangjk@ustb.edu.cn

Received: 2025-05-06   Revised: 2025-06-26  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China.  52401074

作者简介 About authors

汪崧,女,1971年生,博士,工程师

摘要

制备了金银花植物提取物(HSE),并利用红外光谱、失重法、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、动电位极化曲线、零电荷电位测试和扫描电子显微镜等手段评估其在不同温度下1 mol/L HCl中对低碳钢的缓蚀性能。失重数据表明,当HSE质量浓度为300 mg/L时,缓蚀效率可达89%;电化学测试结果与失重数据一致。通过零电荷电位数据计算出的热力学结果表明,HSE在低碳钢表面的吸附行为是物理吸附和化学吸附协同进行,这也是HSE具有良好缓蚀性能的重要原因。

关键词: 金银花提取物 ; 缓蚀剂 ; 低碳钢 ; 电化学

Abstract

The effect of honeysuckle extract (HSE), as a kind eco-friendly Inhibitor of plant extracts, on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1 mol/L HCl solution at various temperatures was investigated by means of mass loss measurement, electrochemical test and surface observation. The results of weight losses indicated that the corrosion inhibition efficiency reached to 89% with a dose of 300 mg/L HSE, and then electrochemical test results were consistent with the weight loss measrement. The thermodynamics calculation indicates that both physisorption and chemisorption occurred, which induced the good corrosion inhibition property of HSE.

Keywords: honeysuckle extract ; corrosion inhibitor ; mild steel ; electrochemistry

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汪崧, 刘学武, 赵健, 李众, 杨吉可. 金银花植物提取物作为环保型缓蚀剂对低碳钢酸性溶液腐蚀的缓蚀效果. 中国腐蚀与防护学报[J], 2026, 46(2): 541-548 DOI:10.11902/1005.4537.2025.137

WANG Song, LIU Xuewu, ZHAO Jian, LI Zhong, YANG Jike. Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Honeysuckle Extract as an Eco-friendly Inhibitor for Acid Corrosion on Mild Steel. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection[J], 2026, 46(2): 541-548 DOI:10.11902/1005.4537.2025.137

低碳钢因其具备良好的塑性、韧性和可焊性,在工业系统中被广泛应用[1,2]。然而,在运输和储存过程中,低碳钢容易被氧化。因此,在加工前通常需要使用盐酸溶液去除低碳钢表面的氧化膜[2~4]。此外,在除垢和石油开采等领域,低碳钢也常暴露于酸性环境中[5,6],不可避免地发生酸性腐蚀,导致材料性能的下降和巨大的经济损失。

为了在低成本、高效率、易操作、环保性佳的前提下减缓低碳钢在酸性环境中的腐蚀,工业上广泛采用添加有机缓蚀剂的方法。这类缓蚀剂通常含有大量杂原子(如N、S和O)[7],通过静电作用和共价键形成吸附膜[8,9]。在恶劣条件下,有机缓蚀剂依旧能表现出优异的缓蚀效果,但潜在的毒性可能对环境保护和人体健康造成危害[10,11]。近年来,越来越多的研究者认识到这一问题,着手开发环保型缓蚀剂。其中,植物提取物就是一种具有良好可再生性、可降解性、高效性和易制备特点的环保型缓蚀剂[5,12,13]。此外,大多数植物提取物含有富含N、S和O等元素的多酚、萜类、黄酮和生物碱,具有与合成类的有机缓蚀剂类似的保护低碳钢免受酸性腐蚀的能力[14,15]

金银花广泛分布于东亚地区,不仅具有较高的药用价值,还具有保健功能[16~19]。据报道,金银花的主要成分是绿原酸和木犀草苷,具有较复杂的结构,含有丰富的杂原子、苯二氮卓类化合物和环状化合物[19~21]。其无毒、可再生和易制备的优良特性为大规模生产提供了可能。然而,目前尚未见到关于金银花植物提取物(HSE)在酸性环境中对低碳钢的缓蚀性能的研究。本研究通过提取、Fourier变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析、失重法、电化学测试和表面形貌分析等方法,探讨了HSE在酸性条件下对低碳钢的缓蚀性能。

1 实验方法

首先,对金银花进行提取。将33 g干燥的金银花粉末加入400 mL无水乙醇中,在333 K条件下回流2 h。随后对浸出液进行过滤,并用50 mL无水乙醇洗涤残渣3次。收集滤液后,通过旋转蒸发去除溶剂,最后将样品在323 K温度下的真空干燥箱中干燥24 h,得到棕色粘稠的HSE液体(4.1 g)。

实验选取低碳钢的化学成分(质量分数,%)为:0.19 C、0.46 Mn、0.22 Si、0.021 P、0.04 Cr、0.02 Cu、0.01 Ni、0.007 S,余量为Fe。失重测试使用的试样尺寸为50 mm × 13 mm × 2 mm,试样悬挂于腐蚀介质中。电化学测试的工作电极为低碳钢电极,通过Cu线焊接后用环氧树脂密封,有效暴露面积为0.26 cm2。形貌分析所用的试样尺寸为ϕ10 mm × 2 mm。

用滴管将一滴HSE液体滴在载玻片上。待HSE液体流动成一层均匀的薄膜后,将带有HSE液体薄膜的载玻片放入红外光谱(FT-IR,VERTEX 70)仪中进行测试,采用透射模式对HSE液体薄膜进行扫描,以获得HSE的官能团成分。

将试样在1 mol/L HCl溶液中浸泡3 h (303 K)后,通过失重法计算低碳钢样品的腐蚀速率(v)。每个条件下均测试3个平行试样。取出试样后,用蒸馏水和无水乙醇分别清洗,在氮气保护下干燥。试样的质量使用精度为0.1 mg的分析天平进行测量。缓蚀效率(η)根据式(1)计算:

η(%)=v0-viv0×100%

其中,viv0分别为添加和不添加缓蚀剂时的腐蚀速率。

所有电化学测试均采用三电极系统通过电化学工作站(CorrTest CS350)进行。低碳钢(0.26 cm2)为工作电极(WE),饱和甘汞电极(SCE)作为参比电极(RE),铂片作为对电极(CE)。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试前,将低碳钢在1 mol/L HCl测试溶液中浸泡0.5 h,以确保电极处于稳定的开路电位(OCP)。随后在105~10-2 Hz频率范围内施加0.01 V的正弦电压进行EIS测试[22]。随后,通过不同电位下的EIS测试结果,获取零电荷电位。最后在-200~200 mV (相对于OCP)范围内进行动电位极化测试[23,24]

将试样在1 mol/L HCl溶液中浸泡3 h后,分别使用蒸馏水和无水乙醇清洗试样并进行干燥,然后将样品保存于干燥器中。采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM,Quanta 200,FEI)对试样的表面形貌进行扫描和观察。

2 结果与讨论

2.1 FT-IR测试

在缓蚀剂领域,多种植物提取物表现出显著的作用。鱼腥草叶、芦荟叶、紫茎泽兰叶、罂粟叶、丝瓜叶等叶片类提取物,木瓜、菠萝等果实提取物,大蒜、姜、橘皮、石榴皮等根茎果皮类提取物,以及芥末籽、桂圆籽、葵花籽等种子提取物,还有玫瑰、百合、洋甘菊等花卉提取物。

这些植物提取物之所以能发挥作用,源于其含有的丰富化学物质,包括糖苷类、生物碱、黄酮、甾醇、皂甙、鞣质、氨基酸、三萜等。这些物质具备羟基(—OH)、氨基 (—NH2)、酰胺(—CONH2)、羧酸(—COOH)、酯(—COO)等极性官能团,可通过吸附作用在金属表面形成保护膜,从而阻断金属与腐蚀性环境的直接接触,实现缓蚀的效果[25]

通过FT-IR测试,对HSE液体的官能团进行判定,结果如图1所示。761、1462和3018 cm-1处的吸收峰为芳香烃,1062 cm-1为O=S=O的对称伸缩振动峰,1216和1725 cm-1处的峰分别归属于羧基[26~30]。此外,2853和2925 cm-1处的峰为脂肪族特征峰[31,32]

图1

图1   金银花提取物的红外光谱

Fig.1   FT-IR spectrum of HSE


2.2 失重测试

失重法是一种随时间持续累积而成的腐蚀测试方法,更接近现场的实际情况。图2是低碳钢在303 K下、含有不同质量浓度HSE的1 mol/L HCl溶液中的腐蚀速率。可以看出,低碳钢在未添加HSE的1 mol/L的HCl中腐蚀严重,腐蚀速率为18.5 mm/a。添加HSE后,腐蚀速率显著降低,其中加入300 mg/L HSE的缓蚀效率达到最高,为89%(腐蚀速率为2.1 mm/a)。在同等实验条件下,仇莉等[33]制备的花生壳提取物(PSE)对冷轧钢表现出的缓蚀效果为88% (200 mg/L)。与之相比,虽然HSE的用量有所增多,但缓蚀效果得到了一定的提升。因此,HSE与PSE对低碳钢表现出同等的缓蚀能力,对1 mol/L HCl中的低碳钢腐蚀具有良好抑制作用。

图2

图2   低碳钢在303 K下、不同HSE质量浓度(0,50,100,200,300 mg/L)的1 mol/L HCl溶液中浸泡3 h后的腐蚀速率

Fig.2   Corrosion rate based on mass loss of mild steel after 3 h immersion in 1 mol/L HCl solution at various HSE content (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/L) and 303 K


2.3 电化学阻抗谱测试

图3是低碳钢在不同质量浓度HSE和不同环境温度下的EIS结果。从图中可以看出,随着HSE质量浓度的增加,Nyquist图中弧直径逐渐增大(图3a)。低频(0.01 Hz)区的阻抗模量(lg|Z|)也呈现相同趋势(图3b),这表明,在环境温度为303 K时,添加HSE提高了低碳钢的耐腐蚀性能。图3a、ce分别为303、313和323 K下的Nyquist图,对不同温度下的Nyquist图进行比较后可知,相同质量浓度HSE下的Nyquist弧直径随着温度升高而明显减小。

图3

图3   低碳钢在不同HSE质量浓度(0, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/L)和不同温度(303, 313, 323 K)下的1 mol/L HCl溶液中浸泡1 h后的Nyquist和Bode图

Fig.3   Nyquist plots and Bode plots of mild steel at the end of 1 h exposure in 1 mol/L HCl solution at various HSE concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/L) and temperatures of 303 K (a, b), 313 K (c, d) and 323 K (e, f)


使用图4所示等效电路模型和Zview软件对图3进行电化学阻抗拟合,拟合获得的溶液电阻(Rs)、双电层电容(Qdl)和电荷转移电阻(Rct)等参数列于表1。由表1知,Rct值随HSE质量浓度的增加而显著提高,随温度的升高则降低,这表明温度的升高对低碳钢在1 mol/L HCl中的腐蚀过程具有加速作用。另外,根据Rct计算的缓蚀效率显示,HSE在较低质量浓度下就表现出了良好的缓蚀性能。

图4

图4   用于拟合EIS谱的等效电路图

Fig.4   Equivalent circuit model for fitting EIS data in Fig.3


表1   图3中电化学阻抗谱的拟合参数

Table 1  Fitted parameters from EIS in Fig.3

T / KCHSE / mg·L-1Rs / Ω·cm2Qdl / 10-4 Ω-1·s n ·cm-2nRct / Ω·cm2ηi / %
30300.448.640.826.98-
500.486.980.8011.841
1000.577.180.7814.853
2000.446.760.7523.070
3000.432.750.8230.177
31300.447.760.836.81-
500.469.880.789.6830
1000.5211.600.7613.550
2000.4812.100.7414.152
3000.442.550.8226.674
32300.377.430.863.89-
500.379.000.7710.864
1000.364.100.8312.469
2000.337.700.7913.872
3000.415.050.8015.074

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零电荷电位(EPZC)是吸附过程的重要参数,是电极电荷转移电阻最大时的电位[8,34]。如果开路电位(EOCP)高于EPZC,则表明金属表面带正电荷,有利于阴离子吸附,反之亦然[35~37]。通过在不同电位下测试EIS,可获得EPZC数据。EPZC的结果如图5所示,无论是否添加HSE,EPZC均低于EOCP,这表明工作电极,也就是低碳钢的表面带正电荷。

图5

图5   303 K下低碳钢在0和50 mg/L HSE的1 mol/L HCl溶液中浸泡1 h后的EPZCEOCP

Fig.5   Plots of EPZC and EOCP measured after 1 h exposure with 0 (a) and 50 mg/L (b) HSE in 1 mol/L HCl solution at 303 K


为了进一步阐明HSE在酸性条件下的缓蚀机制,在EIS测试结束后对不同温度和HSE质量浓度下的动电位极化曲线进行测试(图6)。从图6a可以看出,添加缓蚀剂后,阳极曲线变化不大,但阴极曲线明显左移,腐蚀电位也向负方向偏移。313和323 K (图6b,c)的结果也显示相同趋势。这表明HSE主要抑制阴极反应,属于阴极型缓蚀剂。

图6

图6   低碳钢在含不同质量浓度(0,50,100,200,300 mg/L)HSE以及不同温度(303,313,323 K)下的1 mol/L的HCl溶液中浸泡1.5 h后的动电位极化曲线

Fig.6   Potentiodynamic polarization of mild steel at the end of 1.5 h exposure in 1 mol/L HCl solution at various HSE concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/L) at 303 K (a), 313 K (b) and 323 K (c)


通过Cview软件对动电位极化数据进行了拟合处理,获得的阳极和阴极Tafel斜率(βaβc)、腐蚀电位(Ecorr)和腐蚀电流密度(Icorr)等参数列于表2,可知Icorr随HSE质量浓度的增加而显著降低,303 K下缓蚀效率(ηi)在300 mg/L时可达90%。与此同时,无论是否添加HSE,Icorr均随温度升高而显著增加,表明在温度较高的条件下低碳钢腐蚀更为严重。

表2   图6中动电位极化曲线拟合参数

Table 2  Fitted parameters from potentiodynamic polarization curves in Fig.6

T / KCHSE / mg·L-1βa / V·dec-1βc / V·dec-1Ecorr, SCE / VIcorr / mA·cm-2ηi / %
30300.105-0.129-0.4623.44-
500.089-0.131-0.4691.7549
1000.084-0.128-0.4741.1367
2000.081-0.114-0.4840.5983
3000.084-0.123-0.4780.3191
31300.102-0.127-0.4623.75-
500.090-0.124-0.4762.0645
1000.097-0.124-0.4851.7354
2000.089-0.120-0.4831.4362
3000.075-0.119-0.4800.8577
32300.108-0.137-0.4647.90-
500.078-0.109-0.4732.0874
1000.086-0.118-0.4821.8577
2000.076-0.125-0.4781.4182
3000.075-0.122-0.4831.0487

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2.4 SEM形貌

图7为303 K下低碳钢在不同质量浓度的HSE中腐蚀3 h后的SEM表面形貌。HSE的质量浓度为0 mg/L时,低碳钢表面发生均匀腐蚀,呈现不规则块状结构(图7a)。添加100 mg/L HSE后,低碳钢表面出现少量腐蚀产物和抛光划痕(图7b)。随着HSE质量浓度增加(图7b~d),低碳钢表面逐渐变得更加平坦和光滑。这表明,HSE能有效保护酸性环境对低碳钢的腐蚀,具有良好的缓蚀性能。

图7

图7   330 K温度下低碳钢在不同质量浓度HSE的1 mol/L HCl溶液中腐蚀3 h后的SEM形貌

Fig.7   SEM images of mild steel after 3 h exposure in 1 mol/L HCl solution containing different content of HSE at 303 K: (a) 0 mg/L, (b) 100 mg/L, (c) 200 mg/L, (d) 300 mg/L


2.5 吸附类型计算

根据Icorr得出缓蚀率ηi (表2),遵循Langemuir吸附模型计算出Langemuir吸附中KadsCSPT的值。公式如下:

KadsCH=θ1-θ

其中,θ是金银花提取物在低碳钢表面的覆盖率,由ηe/100得出。Kads是吸附平衡常数,CH是金银花提取物的质量浓度。其中Kads和Gibbs自由能变化之间的关系如下[38]

Kads=1CH2Oexp(-ΔGads0RT)

其中,R为气体常数 (8.314J/(mol·K)),T为绝对温度(303,313和323 K),CH2O为水的浓度(55.5 mol/L),ΔGads0为吸附过程的标准自由能。公式(3)可以转换为公式(4),如下:

CHθ=CH+1Kads

由此,根据表2以及公式(4)的关系可以作图,得到图8

图8

图8   不同温度下的HSE在低碳钢表面的Langemuir吸附等温线

Fig.8   Langmuir adsorption isotherm fitting of HSE on the surface of mild steel at 303 (a), 313 (b) and 323 K (c)


图8中直线截距求得Kads后,在依据公式(3)得到ΔGads0的值,所得结果见表3。由表可见,ΔGads0的值为-25.3 kJ/mol (303 K)、-23.5 kJ/mol (313 K)和-25.9 kJ/mol (313 K)。一般而言,ΔGads0的值小于-40 kJ/mol为化学吸附,大于-20 kJ/mol为物理吸附,而HSE在不同温度下的ΔGads0值均位于-40和-20 kJ/mol之间[33,39],这意味着HSE对低碳钢的吸附,既存在物理吸附,也存在化学吸附。物理吸附主要是HSE与低碳钢表面产生的静电效应,而化学吸附是由于HSE和低碳钢表面之间存在电荷交换。

表3   由图8得到的HSE在低碳钢表面的标准热力学和吸附平衡参数

Table 3  Standard thermodynamic and equilibrium adsorption parameters for adsorption of HSE on surface of mild steel at 303, 313 and 323 K

T / KC·θ-1 / mg·L-1Kads / L·g-1ΔGads0/ kJ·mol-1
30343.02.33 × 102-25.3
31389.61.16 × 102-23.5
32334.02.94 × 102-25.9

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3 结论

(1) 电化学结果表明,温度的升高会加剧低碳钢在1 mol/L HCl中的腐蚀速率,但HSE在较高的温度条件下仍表现出了良好的缓蚀效果。失重法测得300 mg/L的HSE对浸泡在1 mol/L HCl中的低碳钢缓蚀效率达到了89%,与电化学测试的结果趋势一致。

(2) 吸附模型的计算结果表明,由于低碳钢表面附带正电荷,HSE通过静电吸附和电荷转移作用,在低碳钢表面同时进行着物理吸附和化学吸附,从而获得了较高的缓蚀效果。综上所述,这种高效的环保型提取物,为开发环境友好型缓蚀剂提供了新思路。

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