中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2026, 46(2): 327-340 DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2025.129

综合评述

超浸润海洋防污防腐涂层的研究进展

张凯1, 王健阳2, 李祥宇,2, 桂泰江1, 王福会2, 徐大可,2

1.海洋化工研究院有限公司 高端装备涂料全国重点实验室 青岛 266071

2.东北大学 数字钢铁全国重点实验室 沈阳 110819

Process on Superwetting Coatings with Anti-biofouling and Anti-corrosion Properties

ZHANG Kai1, WANG Jianyang2, LI Xiangyu,2, GUI Taijiang1, WANG Fuhui2, XU Dake,2

1.State Key Laboratory of Coatings for Advanced Equipment, Marine Chemical Research Institute Co. Ltd. , Qingdao 266071, China

2.State Key Laboratory of Digital Steel, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

通讯作者: 李祥宇,E-mail:lixiangyu@mail.neu.edu.cn,研究方向为海洋防污防腐涂层;徐大可,E-mail:xudake@mail.neu.edu.cn,研究方向为金属微生物腐蚀与生物污损

收稿日期: 2025-04-27   修回日期: 2025-06-09  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  52301081
高端装备涂料全国重点实验室开放课题基金.  2024020800027

Corresponding authors: LI Xiangyu, E-mail:lixiangyu@mail.neu.edu.cn;XU Dake, E-mail:xudake@mail.neu.edu.cn

Received: 2025-04-27   Revised: 2025-06-09  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China.  52301081
Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Coatings for Advanced Equipment.  2024020800027

作者简介 About authors

张凯,男,1989年生,博士,高级工程师

摘要

海洋生物污损与腐蚀现象严重威胁海上装备、船舶及油气管道等设施的安全运行。涂层技术作为一种经济环保且高效的表界面修饰手段,在缓解上述问题方面展现出显著优势。然而,传统海洋防护涂层存在环境毒性高、基材兼容性差和耐久性不足等固有缺陷,难以满足复杂海洋环境下的长效防护需求。为此,开发更加绿色环保、高效耐久的海洋防护涂层成为当前研究热点。本文从表面润湿性设计角度出发,系统评述了4种典型超浸润海洋防护涂层的研究进展,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望,为新型海洋防护涂层的设计提供理论参考。

关键词: 生物污损 ; 腐蚀 ; 涂层 ; 海洋防护 ; 超浸润

Abstract

Marine biofouling and corrosion pose severe threats to the safe operation of offshore equipment, ships, and oil/gas pipelines. Coating technology, as an economical, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient surface/interface modification approach, has demonstrated significant advantages in mitigating these issues. However, traditional marine protective coatings suffer from inherent limitations, including high environmental toxicity, poor substrate compatibility, and insufficient durability, making them inadequate for long-term protection in complex marine environments. Consequently, the development of more environmentally friendly, efficient, and durable marine protective coatings has become a key research focus. Furthermore, the research progress of four typical superwetting marine protective coatings and their future development directions are reviewed, so that providing reference for the design of next-generation marine protective coatings.

Keywords: biofouling ; corrosion ; coating ; marine protection ; superwetting

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本文引用格式

张凯, 王健阳, 李祥宇, 桂泰江, 王福会, 徐大可. 超浸润海洋防污防腐涂层的研究进展. 中国腐蚀与防护学报[J], 2026, 46(2): 327-340 DOI:10.11902/1005.4537.2025.129

ZHANG Kai, WANG Jianyang, LI Xiangyu, GUI Taijiang, WANG Fuhui, XU Dake. Process on Superwetting Coatings with Anti-biofouling and Anti-corrosion Properties. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection[J], 2026, 46(2): 327-340 DOI:10.11902/1005.4537.2025.129

海洋生物污损和腐蚀问题给全球经济造成了重大损失。其中,海洋生物污损每年给全球带来约1.5万亿美元的经济损失[1~6]。生物污损不仅造成巨大的能源浪费,还导致一系列连锁问题,如降低设备运行效率、增加维护成本、破坏海洋生态平衡、诱发局部安全隐患等[7~12]。另一方面,全球每年因海洋腐蚀造成的直接经济损失超过3000亿美元。海水中的盐分、酸碱物质及溶解氧等腐蚀介质会加速船舶、海洋平台及其他海洋工程设施的结构劣化,严重影响其服役性能和使用安全[13~18]。因此,开发高效的防护涂层技术以应对海洋生物污损和腐蚀问题,减少其对环境、经济和社会的不利影响,已成为当前国际社会共同关注的重要研究课题[19~26]

经典的聚合物涂层(如环氧树脂、聚苯胺、聚氨酯、硅树脂及丙烯酸锌树脂等)因其各自优异的功能特性,在海洋防护领域得到广泛应用[27~37]。然而,在潮湿且富营养化的海洋环境中,微生物、细菌和藻类等生物污损物易在上述涂层表面富集,并加速其脱落与失效[38~46]。针对上述问题,传统解决方案采用多层涂层体系(底漆、连接漆和面漆的组合)以实现对外部有害物质的高效防护。然而,该类涂层不同层数之间存在显著的界面兼容性问题。在海水反复地冲刷作用下,涂层极易出现分层和剥离现象,严重影响其功能性发挥和长效服役。此外,在防污漆的择取方面,早期的有机锡防污漆和现行的Cu基防污漆虽可有效缓解污损生物的附着,却均含有毒性。这会对海洋生态环境平衡的维系产生较为不利的影响。为有效规避传统多层涂层体系存在的诸多问题[47~55],近年来,研究重点转向于开发单层的海洋防护涂层。通过在聚合物基体中掺入防污剂、防腐剂、及相关功能组分,实现防污防腐一体化的海洋防护涂层的高效制备[56~63]。Zhang等[64]采用硅烷改性Cu2O纳米颗粒增强环氧树脂涂层,通过Cu+缓释杀菌和硅烷疏水性实现涂层长效的防污防腐功效。Liu等[65]以低表面能环状硅氧烷单体(TOCS)和商用双酚A环氧树脂(BE-188)为原料制备出高性能的复合涂层(SAT)。TOCS的引入显著提升了涂层的防污性、附着力及力学性能,BE-188则具备本征的防腐效果。以上涂层均展现出良好的环境适应性和广阔的应用空间。

尽管上述海洋防污防腐涂层在减少海洋污损、提高设备性能和延长使用寿命等方面具有显著优势,但其负面的生态环境影响、昂贵的生产成本、复杂的制备工艺等缺点依然需要在研究和实际应用中加以克服[66~70]。在未来的研究中,应着重于开发低毒、环境友好、耐用且成本可接受的防污防腐涂层,以应对现有技术中的挑战[71~73]。值得关注地是,有效屏蔽有害物质在涂层表层的黏附及渗透对确保优异海洋防护效果起到关键作用。基于表面浸润性调控工艺制备的超浸润涂层不仅可有效抑制细菌、藻类等污损生物在基材表面的附着,同时可有效隔挡腐蚀介质的界面渗透,具备绿色、无毒、环保、长效的防污防腐效果[74~76]。为便于读者深入理解该类涂层的相关特性,本文首先介绍润湿性方面的相关基本理论,其次对现行超浸润防护涂层进行逐次介绍。通过对其各自的优缺点及功能性进行概述,对该类涂层未来潜在的发展趋势做出合理预测。

1 表面润湿性理论

1.1 润湿性基本概念

表面润湿性作为海洋防护涂层功能实现的关键调控因素,其合理设计可显著提升涂层的防水、防冰、防油、防污及防腐等综合性能[77]。要深入理解涂层防护机理,必须系统掌握润湿性基础理论体系。经典Young's方程(式1)从热力学平衡角度建立了理想光滑表面上液滴形态与界面张力的定量关系。

cosθ0=γsv-γslγlv

式中,γsvγslγlv分别为固/气界面张力、固/液界面张力及液/气界面张力。θ0为液滴在光滑固体表面上的接触角,可作为表面浸润性的核心评价指标。根据Wang等[78]研究,通常以65°作为亲疏水特性的分界阈值。然而,实际应用中需进一步考察表面粗糙度对表面润湿性的作用规律,以更为准确地反映液体在固体表面真实的润湿特性。从润湿机理角度分析,液滴在粗糙结构表面的润湿行为主要存在3种状态:Wenzel状态(完全润湿)、Cassie-Baxter状态(复合接触)和过渡状态(部分润湿),其示意图见图1。其中,Wenzel方程(式2)如下:

cosθw=rcosθ0

其中,θw为液滴在粗糙固体表面上的接触角;r为表面粗糙度因子,其数值为粗糙固体表面的实际表面积/表观表面积;θ0为Young's接触角。该模型有效揭示了完全润湿状态下固体粗糙度对润湿性的影响规律。一般而言,粗糙度的增加会增强亲水表面的润湿性,减弱疏水表面的润湿性。然而,该模型仅适用于液滴完全渗透微结构的情况。为更加精准描述液滴与微结构表面间的部分接触行为,研究人员进一步提出Cassie-Baxter模型(式3):

cosθe=fs(cosθ0+1)-1

其中,θe代表液滴的表观接触角;fs为固/液实际接触面积比;θ0为Young's接触角。该模型考虑了固-液-气三相复合接触模式。在超疏水表面设计中,固/气复合界面的形成至关重要。当表面微纳结构中截留的空气层占比足够大(通常fₛ < 5%)时,即可实现超疏水状态。通过微纳结构几何参数(如柱状阵列的间距/直径比、分级粗糙度等)的精准设计,可实现对fₛ值的定量调控,从而定向优化表面润湿性能。特别说明的一点是,Cassie-Baxter态与Wenzel态之间的过渡态稳定性受表面微纳结构尺寸特征和外界环境因素共同影响[79]。研究表明,通过精确调控表面化学组成、微纳结构粗糙度等参数,可有效降低过渡态的发生概率,进而保证固体表面超疏水性能的长效维系[80]

图1

图1   液滴在粗糙表面的润湿状态

Fig.1   Wettable state of droplet on the rough surface


除上述液体在不同固体表面的静态接触角(θ)以外,液滴的动态滑动性同样是衡量固体表面润湿性的关键标准。液滴在固体表面的动态润湿过程可通过前进角(θₐ)、后退角(θr)和接触角滞后(Δθ)等关键参数进行精确表征。其中,液滴的θₐ和θr分别反映其体积增减过程中的接触角极值,二者的差值即Δθ可有效表征表面润湿非均匀性。通过精准调控涂层化学组成、微观形貌及表面能等关键参数,可实现对Δθ的定向调控,进而优化表面防护性能。滑动角(α)作为另一个关键动态参数,定量地描述了液滴在倾斜表面的滚动行为。当α降至10°以下时,涂层表现出卓越的自清洁能力,液滴可高效携载表面污染物滚落,这一特性为海洋防污涂层的设计提供了重要理论依据。

1.2 超浸润基本概念

超浸润现象作为极端润湿行为的典型代表,其独特的界面特性为海洋防护涂层的开发提供了全新的设计思路。液体在固体表面的超浸润行为表现为两种极端状态:超亲液表面(θ < 10°)和超疏液表面(θ > 150°),这种特殊的润湿特性源于材料表面化学组成、微观结构特征和表面能特性的协同作用。近年来,随着纳米技术和表面工程的发展,超浸润材料在海洋防护领域的应用研究取得了显著进展,为解决海洋环境中的生物污损、金属腐蚀等问题提供了创新性解决方案。

在海洋防护领域,超浸润表面的防护机制主要体现在以下几个方面:超疏水表面,通过引入微纳米级粗糙结构和低表面能化学修饰,形成气液复合界面,有效阻隔污损及腐蚀介质与基底的接触;超亲水表面,利用水化层形成物理屏障,充分抑制污损生物的附着;两亲性表面,通过调控局部润湿性实现选择性防护;超滑液体灌注多孔表面(SLIPS),借助表面锚定的润滑液层,赋予材料高效排斥污染物的能力。这些不同的防护机制为应对复杂的海洋环境提供了多样化的技术路径。为系统阐明超浸润表面在海洋环境中的防护机制,本文从材料组分、微结构特征、功能表现及技术局限性等多个维度,对超疏水表面(θ > 150°)、超亲水表面(θ < 10°)、两亲性表面以及SLIPS (α < 5°)这4类典型超浸润体系(图2)进行深入剖析,全面揭示当前超浸润海洋防护涂层的研究进展,并基于现有技术瓶颈对其未来发展路径作出科学展望。

图2

图2   超浸润表面示意图

Fig.2   Schematic illustration of the superwetting surfaces


2 超浸润海洋防护涂层

2.1 超疏水涂层

超疏水涂层作为一类典型的超浸润体系,通过微纳米级粗糙结构与低表面能化学组分的协同作用,实现θ超过150°、α小于10°的超疏水特性。该类涂层基于自身优异的自清洁特性,可显著抑制水、电解质、腐蚀介质及海洋微生物在固体表面的附着,在海洋防污防腐领域展现出显著优势[81,82]。其设计准则源自于自然界中荷叶效应。荷叶表面通过微纳米结构与蜡质层的协同作用形成稳定的空气层,展现出卓越的超疏水特性和自清洁效应,这一现象为后续大量人工超疏水表面的设计提供了重要启示[83~85]

目前,超疏水涂层的制备工艺主要包括自上而下(物理加工)和自下而上(化学合成)两类技术路线。其中,自下而上的化学方法因操作简便、成本低廉且易于规模化而备受关注。常见的化学合成工艺包含化学气相沉积、水热合成法、溶胶凝胶法及自组装法等工艺[86~91]。Xiang等[92]基于层状双氢氧化物(LDH)开发了一种新型超疏水涂层体系。该团队通过水热合成法在不同金属基底(黄铜、Mg合金、钢铁等)上原位生长具有特定金属组成的LDH粗糙结构,随后利用三乙氧基(辛基)硅烷(TTOS)进行表面修饰(图3a)。其中,铁镍基样品经12 h反应后表现出优异的超疏水性能,θ高达169° (图3b),电化学测试显示其腐蚀抑制效率达到96.3% (图3c)。这种“自下而上”的制备策略不仅避免了传统刻蚀工艺的材料损耗问题,更实现了对不同金属基底的普适性修饰。与此同时,其他研究团队也在探索多元化的超疏水表面构建方法。Latthe等[93]采用溶胶-凝胶技术,将聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)引入硅酸盐网络,制备出兼具超疏水性(θ = 159°)、良好透光性和优异机械性能的复合涂层。Zhang等[94]则开发出基于胶体纳米颗粒自组装的功能化超疏水薄膜,其独特的分级结构不仅赋予涂层增强的机械韧性,还能通过结构色变化直观反映涂层的损耗状态,为涂层服役性能的实时监测提供了新思路。这些方法均展现出良好的基底兼容性和工艺简便性,为超疏水涂层的实际应用奠定了基础。

图3

图3   层状双氢氧化物(LDH)超疏水涂层示意图及防污防腐性能[92]

Fig.3   Schematic of the layered double hydroxide (LDH) superhydrophobic coating grafted with triethoxy(octyl)silane (TTOS) (a), contact angles and sliding angles of five different liquids (water, orange juice, milk, soda water, and ink) on iron-nickel LDH superhydrophobic coating (b), polarization electrochemical curves of iron-nickel LDH superhydrophobic coatings under different reaction times (c)[92]


尽管通过合理的表面微纳结构设计和低表面能材料的选择能够有效赋予涂层超疏水特性和防腐性能,但该类涂层的实际应用仍面临重大挑战。在实际海水环境中,水压、机械摩擦、污损生物及腐蚀介质等外部因素的反复干扰作用会加速超疏水涂层表面空气膜的破坏进程,导致涂层表面由Cassie-Baxter态过渡至Wenzel态,致使防污和防腐功能失效。这一缺陷严重制约了超疏水涂层在海洋环境中的推广应用。针对这一关键问题,研究者们通过对涂层进行多级结构优化,表面自修复及功能性复合,开发出多种解决方案。其中,基于仿生思想,Zhang等[95]采用光蚀刻、酸蚀刻、阳极氧化和氟烷基硅烷改性处理等工艺,通过构建分级微结构制备一种的新型超疏水涂层体系。其中,次级竹笋状微结构提供显著的防水性能,所制表面的θ为173°,α仅为1.5°,在空气和强酸碱性环境中均表现出良好的化学稳定性。微米级截头圆锥柱则有效延缓微纳结构的损坏进程,充分确保涂层的稳定性及长效防污功效。在经历循环摩擦实验后,表面依然具备良好的防水性能。Tian等[96]则开发了一种环境友好的超疏水Zn-Fe合金涂层。通过电镀工艺构建了仿Echinopsis植物的分级微纳结构,结合四十烷酸修饰,实现了优异的超疏水性能(θ = 166°,α = 4°)。分级微纳结构的引入显著提升了涂层的力学强度和耐蚀性能。该涂层的电荷转移阻抗(Rct)较裸钢提升了3个数量级(从11.5 Ω·cm2增至1384.0 Ω·cm2),展现出卓越的防腐性能。其制备过程中采用的绿色非氰化碱性甘油体系显著提高了技术的实用性和环保性。

近年来,自修复超疏水材料获得科研工作者们越来越多的青睐。该类涂层通过将微胶囊、液体纤维及自相似结构等低表面能修复剂储存至其内部,在外部刺激的条件下及时释放并迁移至破损部位进行愈合,具有优异的高效性、环保性及耐久性。Li等[97]将紫外响应微胶囊与近红外响应碳纳米颗粒、疏水SiO2纳米颗粒以及水性有机硅乳液复合,开发出具有快速大面积修复功能的超疏水涂层体系。其中,紫外响应微胶囊通过带负电的TiO2纳米颗粒与带正电微胶囊表面的静电吸附作用简易制备,内部封装氟硅烷(FAS-13)修复剂可在紫外光照条件下释放迁移涂层表面,实现涂层超疏水特性的长效维持。该自修复超疏水涂层不仅具备优异的耐油污性,还具备良好的耐腐蚀和耐磨性能。Li等[98]通过Cl催化反应制备出十六烷基聚硅氧烷改性修饰的SiO2(SiO2@HD-POS)均相悬浮液。通过喷涂工艺得到绿色无氟、机械坚固、且具备自愈合性能的超疏水涂层。由于涂层的高耐久性,具有独特的分级宏观/纳米结构,以及固体润滑SiO2@HD-POS纳米粒子从涂层上脱落,涂层具备优异的力学稳定性。由于HD-POS可高效迁移至受损表面,涂层还显示出快速稳定的自愈能力。由于对主要瓶颈问题的不断解决,自愈合超疏水涂层可用于各种领域。此外,Hu等[99]则拓展了超疏水涂层的功能性。他们开发的聚苯胺/TiO2-硬脂酸复合涂层(SPTC)兼具超疏水性(θ = 159.8°,α = 6.2°)、光催化灭菌性和导电性(图4)。当空气膜在实际环境中被破坏时,复合涂料中TiO2纳米颗粒显著的光催化杀菌功效有效抑制了生物被膜的形成,进而弥补了气垫破坏后涂层的防污功能性缺失。这种独特的协同效应不仅使其在海洋防护领域中具备良好的应用性,还使其在电子传感领域展现出巨大应用潜力。

图4

图4   SPTC涂层制备示意图及超疏水性能[99]

Fig.4   Schematic of the manufacturing process of SPTC coating (left) and the water contact angle and sliding angle (right)[99]


聚焦于多级结构优化、表面自修复、多功能集成设计等新兴技术和研究热点,未来研究应着重开发具有长效智能防污功效的新型超疏水涂层体系,以应对复杂的海洋环境挑战。

2.2 超亲水涂层

超亲水涂层(θ < 10°)因其较高的表面能特性,能够实现液滴在材料表面的快速铺展与完全浸润。目前主要通过两种策略构建超亲水涂层:一是通过化学修饰在材料表面引入羟基、羧基等亲水基团;二是在材料表面构筑纳米级粗糙结构以增强毛细作用。其中,基于表面水合层屏蔽机制的水凝胶、两性离子聚合物刷和聚乙二醇(PEG)薄膜等超亲水体系,因其能有效阻隔生物小分子、病毒和细菌等污染物的附着[100~102],已在生物医学领域获得广泛应用,并展现出在海洋防污领域的应用潜力[103~105]

Li等[106]开发了一种具有优异力学性能和防污效果的双网络水凝胶涂层系统。该体系以化学交联的聚丙烯酰胺构成第一网络,物理交联的铜藻酸盐作为第二网络,后者同时作为应变缓冲单元。引入的Cu2+不仅显著提升了涂层的力学性能(优于传统Ca2+体系),还增强了其防污功能。同时,防腐抑制剂苯并噻唑(BTA)通过与铜基材的配位作用,有效提高了涂层在金属基材(如Cu、Al、Fe等)上的附着力(图5a)。这种致密的复合膜结构具有出色的机械韧性,使其在潮汐区环境下展现出持久的防污防腐性能(图5bc)。然而,该技术对非金属基材(如塑料、木材、玻璃等)的适用性仍有待深入研究。受贻贝粘附蛋白启发,聚多巴胺(PDA)因其儿茶酚-OH基团的强配位能力和紧密排列特性,被广泛用作增强界面结合的中间层。Feng等[107]基于这一原理设计了一种具有Janus结构的自清洁水凝胶湿粘合剂。该体系通过聚乙烯醇/甘油单宁酸(PVA/Gly-TA/Cu2+)水凝胶中的Cu2+与聚(多巴胺甲基丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸甲氧基乙酯共聚物)P(DMA-co-MEA)中儿茶酚-OH基团的协同配位作用,实现了4.4 MPa的拉伸强度和14 kPa的粘附强度,所制涂层在多种基材表面均实现较好黏附。得益于水合层的屏蔽效应,涂层表现出148°的水下油接触角和极低的藻类附着密度,同时保持优异的光学稳定性,在海洋工程领域具有广阔应用前景。Wei等[108]采用原位接枝技术构建了多功能复合涂层。首先通过3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)单分子层增强PDA的防腐性能,随后接枝具有抗菌功能的两性硫磺基聚合物(PSB)。基于共价接枝的强键合作用(优于离子配位),该涂层展现出增强的附着力、广谱抗菌性和优异的低频阻抗特性(|Z| f = 0.01 Hz)。所用原位接枝策略有效避免了多层涂层的界面兼容性问题,为开发高性能防污防腐涂层提供了新思路。

图5

图5   物理-化学双网络交联水凝胶组分示意图及防污防腐性能[106]

Fig.5   Constituents of physical-chemical double network crosslinking hydrogel incorporating Cu2+ as the antifouling agent and BTA as the corrosion inhibition agent (a), antifouling testing results (b) and electrochemical corrosion data (Bode curves) (c) of the developed hydrophilic surfaces[106]


基于网络互穿、离子配位、共价接枝等过程,上述开发的超亲水涂层有效提升了涂层的力学性能、粘合强度及防污防腐功效,具有良好的应用前景。然而,超亲水涂层的吸水溶胀行为破坏了其结构完整性,阻碍了其在实际水下的长效服役。如何降低该类涂层的吸水率以保证其在水下的长期稳定性,是其实用化的关键瓶颈问题。Xie等[109]在甲基丙烯酰胺水凝胶的沉淀聚合过程中引入石墨烯纳米片层,基于石墨烯纳米片层与聚合物网络的协同作用机制,成功开发出具有优异抗冲击性能和抗溶胀性能的复合水凝胶涂层体系。其中,石墨烯的二维纳米结构在水凝胶网络中形成三维穿插网络,其巨大的比表面积和疏水特性有效阻隔了水分子的渗透扩散路径。此外,石墨烯片层与甲基丙烯酰胺分子链间的π-π堆叠作用和氢键交联,构建了具有能量耗散功能的双重网络结构,充分保证纳米复合涂层的力学强度和长效性。Dou等[110]利用Fe3+与壳聚糖(CS)、聚(N-丙烯酰基-2-甘氨酸)(PACG)的配位作用在分子层面构建了三维交联防护体系。通过精细调控配位键密度和网络拓扑结构,水凝胶在长期浸水环境下展现出非凡的尺寸稳定性:在生理盐水中浸泡180 d后体积溶胀率低于15%,且压缩模量保持率超过85%,突破了传统水凝胶材料在湿润环境中力学性能急剧衰减的技术瓶颈。值得一提的是,该体系通过pH响应性金属配位键的可逆断裂与重组,实现了溶胀行为的动态智能调控,使水凝胶能在5%~2000%的宽幅溶胀范围内进行精确可编程调节。

上述研究成果不仅为解决超亲水涂层的实用性问题提供了有效方案,更重要的是开创了智能响应型海洋防护涂层研发的新范式。特别是通过外部刺激实现材料性能精确调控的设计理念,为开发新一代环境自适应防护材料指明了方向。未来研究应重点关注材料在复杂海洋环境中的长期稳定性,以及规模化制备工艺的开发,以推动这些创新成果的实际应用。

2.3 两亲性涂层

超亲水涂层通过氢键作用形成的水合层能有效阻隔污染物和生物体的附着,展现出优异的抗生物污染性能。然而,这类涂层普遍存在机械强度不足和环境稳定性差等问题,导致其耐久性和防护性能难以满足实际应用需求,制约了其在海洋环境中的大规模应用[111,112]。相比之下,超疏水涂层凭借其低表面能特性和空气层的物理屏障作用,不仅能有效去除表面污垢,还能通过合理的成分选择和结构设计显著提升机械强度,实现长效防污。但值得注意的是,现有研究对超疏水涂层在抵抗生物粘液附着和生物膜形成方面的性能关注不足[113,114]。基于此,开发新型两亲性涂层系统,通过巧妙结合亲水性和疏水性组分的协同效应,有望突破单一润湿性涂层的性能局限,实现性能更优异的选择性长期防护效果。这种复合策略既能保留水合层的抗污染优势,又可发挥对水介质的隔绝屏障,为海洋防护涂层的设计提供了新思路。

近年来,两亲性海洋防护涂层的研发取得了重要突破。Lu等[115]通过原位构建疏水-亲水交错聚合物网络,成功制备了生物基两亲性水凝胶涂层(图6a)。该体系以含硅环氧树脂为疏水基质,赋予涂层优异的机械性能(5B级附着力)和防腐性能,同时通过交联引入水凝胶链段与Ag纳米颗粒(Ag NPs)实现卓越的防污效果(图6bc)。实验证实该涂层对蛋白质、细菌和藻类均表现出显著抑制效果,并在东海实地测试中展现出优异的长期稳定性。Zhao等[116]开发出基于PEG/薄荷脑改性的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)两亲性涂层,XPS和接触角测试表明其表面组分可自发调控以适应海洋环境。得益于薄荷脑的双环单萜结构和两亲性链段的协同效应,该涂层实现了对大肠杆菌(抑制率86.72%)和绿藻(抑制率87.76%)的高效防护,同时保持了环境友好特性。嵌段共聚物方面,Leonardi等[117]通过在聚苯乙烯嵌段聚二甲基硅氧烷(PS-b-PDMS)链段上接枝2,2,6,6-四甲基脂质-1-氧基(TEMPO)和PEG,首次证实了两亲性表面对宏观生物污损(如藤壶)的抑制效果。这一突破为开发抗宏观生物附着涂层提供了新思路。Chen等[118]采用溶胶-凝胶法将超支化多硅氧烷(HPSi)与硅烷封端两亲性长链(S-FP)复合,所制备的涂层兼具快速固化(HPSi缩短干燥时间)、优异力学性能和长效防护特性。

图6

图6   两亲性涂层制备示意图及防污效果[115]

Fig.6   Schematic illustration of the preparation process for amphiphilic hydrogel coating (a), Fluorescent images of BSA on the coating observed using confocal microscopy (b) and coverage analysis (c)[115]


特别注意的是,两亲性涂层材料因其独特的分子结构设计而展现出特殊的抗溶胀性能。这类材料通过亲水链段和疏水链段的微观相分离,能够在一定程度上阻隔水分子的渗透扩散。然而,与超疏水涂层相比,两亲性涂层在阻水效率和长期稳定性方面仍存在明显不足:一方面,亲水链段的存在使得涂层对水分子仍保持一定的亲和性;另一方面,在水下环境中,涂层的力学性能往往难以长期维持。这些局限性严重制约了两亲性涂层的实际应用效果。为突破这一技术瓶颈,研究人员从分子设计和结构调控两个维度开展了工作。其中,Zhao等[119]开发了一种基于聚柠檬酸-聚乙二醇-多巴胺(PCA-PEG-DA)共聚物和氨基封端Pluronic F127 (APF)胶束的复合水凝胶体系。该材料通过邻苯二酚-氨基共价交联网络构建刚性骨架,同时利用疏水性APF胶束形成分子级阻水屏障,实现了溶胀率较传统水凝胶降低60%以上的突破性进展。实验数据表明,该材料在长期浸水条件下仍能保持90%以上的机械性能,展现出卓越的环境稳定性。在结构创新方面,Lan等[120]通过仿生设计理念开发了具有分形微通道的自泵送有机水凝胶。研究人员采用乳液界面聚合技术,精确调控有机凝胶前体液滴的动态行为,在亲水性基质中构建了三维连通的疏水微通道网络。这种独特结构不仅将液体引流效率提升至传统水凝胶的30倍,更重要的是通过建立物理阻隔机制,将材料吸水率控制在极低水平。该设计巧妙地平衡了材料的亲水性和疏水性,既保证了良好的生物相容性,又显著提升了水下稳定性。

这些研究表明,两亲性涂层通过巧妙整合亲水组分的防污优势和疏水组分的防护特性,不仅解决了单一润湿性涂层的性能局限,更通过组分间的协同效应显著提升了涂层的机械强度和环境稳定性,为海洋防护材料的实际应用奠定了坚实基础。

2.4 超滑液体灌注多孔表面

受猪笼草特殊结构启发而开发的SLIPS展现出卓越的抗污染性能。作为热带食虫植物的典型代表,猪笼草通过其唇缘表面分泌的天然润滑剂填充微孔结构,形成光滑的捕食界面,使昆虫滑入后被消化酶分解[121]。研究人员基于这一仿生原理成功开发了多种人工SLIPS系统。这类特殊超浸润表面凭借其均匀光滑的特性,不仅能有效抑制微生物附着及其生物膜形成所需的化学信号传导,还能显著减少污垢、尘土和油类等非生物污染物的黏附,成为实现广谱抗污染的有效策略[122,123]。更值得注意的是,灌注的润滑剂不仅赋予表面优异的滑动性能,还在基材表面形成致密保护层,有效阻隔腐蚀介质的渗透,从而显著提升涂层的防腐性能[124,125]。这种仿生设计理念为开发新型智能海洋防护涂层提供了重要参考。

SLIPS技术在海洋防污领域展现出独特优势。Yang等[126]通过空气喷涂技术构建了以环氧树脂/羟基终端PDMS为基体、TiO2纳米颗粒为填料、硅油为润滑剂的SLIPS涂层。研究表明,500 mPa·s粘度的硅油在12 h后仍保持6.9°的Δθ,显著抑制了草履虫三角藻(90.8%)和芽孢杆菌(93.6%)的附着。Liang等[127]通过优化交联度和硅烷偶联剂用量,开发出稳定性显著提升的超滑有机凝胶,30 d后润滑剂流失量极少,其电化学阻抗(1.53 × 1011 Ω·cm2)较裸钢(6.28 × 104 Ω·cm2)提高7个数量级。Chen等[128]受皱皮蛙皮启发,利用聚苯乙烯嵌段聚乳酸(PS-b-PLA)的自组装和水解皱褶行为,制备出具有分级微孔结构的SLIPS,在3个月后θ仍保持122°,对多种藻类的抑制率超过90%,且可见光透光率达99%。然而,单纯依靠物理防污机制难以完全避免生物膜的形成。为此,Zhou等[129]仿照蓝环章鱼的防御机制,将辣椒素与超滑液体共接枝,开发出具有pH响应性杀菌功能的自修复SLIPS (图7)。基于物理化学协同防污机制,该涂层不仅对蛋白、细菌、藻类具备良好的抗黏附效果,在经过为期65d的实海挂板试验后表面依旧保持干净整洁,具备优异的海洋防污应用前景。Tong等[130]基于毒鲉的毒液防御机制开发了一种具有智能响应特性的香豆素基SLIPS。该涂层通过香豆素分子的光致可逆二聚反应,实现了润滑剂与基体材料间的动态“锁定-解锁”调控机制,赋予润滑剂优异的稳定性与智能调节特性。此外,通过物理阻隔与化学杀菌的双重防污机制,展现出卓越的综合性能,包括高达92.85%的自修复效率、优异的抗蛋白质/细菌/藻类附着能力,以及在近海严苛环境中的长达150 d的长效防污性能,在海洋工程装备防护方面具有重要的应用价值。

图7

图7   受蓝环章鱼行动模式启发的智能防污示意图[129]

Fig.7   Schematic illustration of components the composition and antifouling modes and application of the developed coating in marine fields inspired by the blue-ringed Octopus' action modes[129]


SLIPS技术的性能主要受表面化学组成、微观结构和润滑剂特性的共同影响。通过物理-化学协同智能化作用机制可显著提升其长期的防护性能,为海洋防污领域提供了一种具有环境适应性的智能防污解决方案。在未来的研究中,应重点突破涂层的结构优化设计、智能防污机制及工程化制备工艺等关键技术,以全面提升其长期稳定性、环境自适应性和工程适用性,最终实现该技术在复杂海洋环境中的规模化应用。

3 总结与展望

本文系统阐述了超浸润涂层在海洋防污防腐领域的最新研究进展与技术优势。超疏水涂层通过微纳结构中截留的空气层形成物理屏障,展现出优异的防污防腐性能;超亲水涂层则借助表面水合层的屏蔽效应,有效抑制生物污损的初始附着。特别值得关注的是,通过共价接枝技术引入的聚合物刷(如聚多巴胺)和功能性链段,不仅显著提升了涂层在不同基材上的普适性,还增强了其抗介质渗透能力。近年来发展的两亲性涂层通过巧妙整合亲/疏水组分的协同效应,实现了对生物污损形成全过程(从蛋白质吸附到宏观生物附着)的有效抑制,同时水下稳定性及力学性能也得到显著改善。此外,受自然界启发的SLIPS技术凭借其超滑特性和低表面能优势,在防污领域表现出独特潜力,而适度的交联设计和拓扑互锁效应则赋予涂层优异的机械强度和长期稳定性,这对抵御腐蚀介质渗透至关重要。超浸润涂层作为界面科学的前沿领域,其发展不仅拓宽了人们对润湿性理论认知,也为解决实际工程中的瓶颈问题打开了新的思路,具有广阔的产业化前景。然而,现行的超浸润涂层防护技术仍面临一些关键挑战,涂层在苛刻的实海环境下的长期防护效果仍然亟需提高。为此,未来的研究方向应立足于多学科交叉融合有力推动超浸润涂层技术朝着制备绿色化、环境自适应、功能智能化和长效防污防腐的方向快速发展。其中,在基础理论层面,要着重阐明在海洋环境中微纳米尺度界面结构与宏观防污防腐性能的构效关系,为制备具有环境自适应功能的防护涂层奠定理论基础;在技术创新方面,需将开发具有环境响应特性的智能涂层作为研究重点。该类材料能够通过仿生刺激响应机制(如光热转换、酶催化、pH/离子强度响应等)实现表面化学组成和拓扑结构的动态调控,从而建立“监测-响应-防护”一体化的智能长效防污防腐体系。在工程应用层面,借助机器学习算法和大数据分析技术,建立涂层成分-结构-性能的智能预测模型,大幅提升新材料的研发效率。同时为开发绿色可持续的规模化制备技术提供规范的理论向导。随着这些核心技术的不断突破,超浸润涂层有望在深远海装备、极地船舶、海洋新能源等重大工程领域实现规模化应用,为解决全球海洋生物污损和材料腐蚀问题提供优选方案。

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