| Solvation structure | High concentration electrolytes, alcohol, carbohydrate, organic solvents, complexing agent | Change the solvation structure by replacing water in original solvation structure or form hydrogen bonds with H2O |
Self-healing electrostatic shield | Metal ion, quaternary ammonium salt | Cations adsorb at electrode surface, preventing Zn2+ from depositing at the tip to inhibiting dendrite growth |
| Adsorption | Polymers, aldehydes, carbohydrate, surfactant | Optimize the electric field of electrode surface and adjust the electrical double layer |
| Artificial solid electrolyte interphase | Metal ion and oxide, phosphorous salts, polymer monomers | General a in situ protective layer to prevent the direct contact between electrode and electrolyte |