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Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection  2019, Vol. 39 Issue (4): 281-290    DOI: 10.11902/1005.4537.2018.145
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Correlation Between Cr-depleted Zone and Local Corrosion in Stainless Steels: A Review
SHI Weining,YANG Shufeng(),LI Jingshe
School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract  

The severe local corrosion behavior was triggered by the Cr-depleted zone presented in stainless steel, entailing the enormous economic losses and casualties. Resultantly, how to understand the phenomena of Cr-depleted zone systematically was arising topic. This paper presents a review of two kinds of local corrosion emerged commonly in stainless steel and the effect of Cr-depleted zone on the local corrosion from three aspects, including the location where Cr-depleted zone comes up, the method of studying Cr-depleted zone and the existing problems currently. The results show that the characteristics of smaller size, higher Cr content or distributing along the grain boundary possessed by inclusions, precipitates or secondary phases may be favorable to the occurrence of Cr-depleted zone. If the Cr-depleted zone around the secondary phases be eliminated by adjusting the compositions of stainless steel in smelting process and process parameters in subsequently rolling and heat treatment or field processing, the local corrosion resistance of stainless steel should be greatly enhanced.
Key words:  local corrosion      Cr-depleted zone      inclusion      grain boundary     
Received:  09 October 2018     
ZTFLH:  TG171  
Fund: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51474085、51674023)
Corresponding Authors:  Shufeng YANG     E-mail:  yangshufeng@ustb.edu.cn
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Weining SHI
Shufeng YANG
Jingshe LI

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SHI Weining,YANG Shufeng,LI Jingshe. Correlation Between Cr-depleted Zone and Local Corrosion in Stainless Steels: A Review. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and protection, 2019, 39(4): 281-290.

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https://www.jcscp.org/EN/10.11902/1005.4537.2018.145     OR     https://www.jcscp.org/EN/Y2019/V39/I4/281

Fig.1  MnS inclusion induced pitting mechanism proposed by Ryan et al: (a) pitting mechan-ism without Cr-depleted zone around the MnS inclusion, (b) pitting mechanism with Cr-depleted zone around the MnS inclusion (Note: 1-chloride ion penetration; 2-sulfur shell generation; 3-pitting propagation; 4-Cr-depleted zone around MnS inclusion; 5-priority dissolution of Cr-depleted zone)
Fig.2  SEM images of different pits on the surface of DIN 1.4305 stainless steel: (a) overview, (b) dissolution inside the inclusion, (c) dissolution outside the inclusion, (d) mixed attack[21]
Fig.3  Pitting state of Cr-enriched MnS inclusions with the same size, type, composition, morphology[25]
Fig.4  Corrosion morphology of MnS inclusion containing nano-particle MnCr2O4 (a) and line scanning analysis around the nano-particle MnCr2O4 (b)[29]
Fig.5  Concentrations of Cr at the inclusion / matrix boundary before and after rare earth treatment: (a) the image of Cr before rare earth addition, (b) the line analysis of Cr before rare earth addition, (c) the image of Cr after rare earth addition, (d) the line analysis of Cr after rare earth addition[32]
Fig.6  Secondary phases around the inclusion after aging treatment at 850 ℃ for 10min in duplex stainless steel[33]
Fig.7  Morphology (a) and element line scannings (b) of (Cr, Fe)2N particle[53]
Fig.8  TEM analyses of Cr-depleted zone adjacent to Cr2N particles: (a) bright field image, (b) Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) pattern, (c) distribution of Cr[50]
Fig.9  Cr-depleted zone phenomenon of Cr-enriched carbide precipitates at grain boundaries: (a) TEM image of Cr-enriched carbide precipitates, (b) existence of C-enriched and Cr-depleted zone, (c) schematic illustration of intergranular corrosion[61]
ObjectMethodInformation
CompositionFIB/SIMS[16,17,18,19,25,28]The composition at micro area adjacent to inclusions accurately
Crystal structure, composition, morphologyTEM[17,18,19,26,27,28,29,38,53,57,60,61,62]The composition accurately and quantitatively in nano area
CompositionAES[21,63]The composition accurately in microscale area
Morphology, compositionSEM[21,25,28,32,33,38,53,58,60,61,62,64]In situ observation of corrosion morphology
Current distribution, CompositionSECM[63]Surface information and local Ferrari current map of materials
CompositionEPMA[32,33,57]The trace amount
Depth of pitsAFM[53,63]The depth of pits
The corrosion behavior of single inclusionMicroscale potentiodynamic polarization[25,53]Pitting potential, corrosion current density
The corrosion behavior of specimen or inclusionMacroscale potentiodynamic polarization[25,32]Pitting potential, corrosion current density
The metastable pitting of inclusionsPotentiostatic polarization[32]The number of metastable pitting
The morphology of grain/grain boundaries or inclusionImmersion tests[21]Corrosion morphology of grain/grain boundaries or inclusions
The degree of sensitization (DOS)DLEPR[33,61,64]Ir/Ia＜2%, no; 2~8%, little; 8~30%, weak and medium; ＞30%, severe
The corrosion resistance of specimenOCP[61]Variation of open-circuit voltage with time
Table 1  Methods of studying Cr-depleted zone
TypeMass fraction of Cr / %Dimension / μmMorphologyCr-depleted zoneReference
Artificial inclusion36~40---SphericalYes[15]
MnS---1~2SphericalYes[16]
MnS---1~2SphericalNo[17,18,19]
MnS3~81~3SphericalNo[21]
MnS30~401~3SphericalYes*[25]
MnS---＜1ElongatedNo[26-29]
Cr-Mn-O---------Yes[31]
(Ce, Cr, Fe)O12~202~3SphericalNo*[32]
(Cr, Mn, Al)O40~50＜1SphericalYes[32]
X phase20~30---IrregularYes[33]
Cr2N78~90＜1RodlikeYes[38-52]
(Cr, Fe)2N55~70＜1Needlelike/ SphericalNo[53]
M23C6---------Yes[61]
Table 2  Characteristics of inclusions, precipitates or secondary phases
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